• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 1998

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) was purified from the culture broth of the Bacillus firmus var. alkalophilus, using ultrafiltration, starch adsorption/desorption, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephacryl HR-100. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was determined as 77,000 by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature for the CD synthesis were 6.0 and 5$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The activity of this enzyme was stably kept at the range of pH 6.0～9.5 and up to 5$0^{\circ}C$. However, in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$, the optimum temperature for CD synthesis was shifted 55~6$0^{\circ}C$ and this enzyme was stable up to 6$0^{\circ}C$ because of the stabilizing effect of $Ca^{2+}$. The purified CGTase produced CDs with high conversion yields of 45~51% from sweet potato starch, com starch and amylopectin as substrate, especially, and the product ratio of $\beta$-CD to ${\gamma}$-CD was obtained at range of from 5.8:1 to 8.4:1 according to the kind of substrate. The purified enzyme produced mainly $\beta$-CD without accumulation of $\alpha$-CD during enzyme reaction using various starches as the substrate, indicating that the purified enzyme is the typical $\beta$-CGTase. The purified CGTase produced 25 g/l of CDs from 5.0% (w/v) liquefied com starch and the conversion yield of CDs was 50%, and the content of $\beta$-CD was 84% of total CDs after 8 hours under the optimum reaction condition.ion.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 1994

This research was carried out to investigate how the growth of corn was affected by the heavy metal contents in soils near the old zinc-mining sites, by analyzing correlation between the growth of corn and heavy metal contents in soils collected from Yonghari Ilwoulmyun YongyangGun in Kyeongpook province in 1993. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The contents of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and as in the Youngyang area were very high compared with those in a normal area. Heavy metal contents in soils collected from $2.0{\sim}2.5Km$ distance from the mining area were the highest, and those from 3.0 Km than those from 1.5 Km were even higher. 2. For heavy metal contents in leaves of all surveyed crops, Zn, Pb, Cu and As were the highest in soybean, followed by corn and rice. 3. Growth parameters of corn in polluted fields were comparatively poor and heavy metal contents in soils of the respective sites were higher than those in fields where rice was cultivated 8 years ago and irrigation was not done previously. 4. Heavy metal contents in the leaf part of corn plant showed a similar tendency to those in soils, being the highest among the different parts of corn plant, and they were in the decreasing order of Zn > Cu > As > Cd > Pb in each part. But the differences of metal contents in each part varied. 5. Generally, a negative relationship existed between the growth of corn and heavy metal contents in soil, of which Cu and Pb were significantly correlated with plant height, ear height, diameter of stem, ear length and yield of corn. 6. There existed a positive correlation between the contents of Pb,Cd and As in soils and those in the different parts of corn plant. The higher contents of Pb, Cd, and As in soil, the more those in corn plant incressed. The contents of Pb and As in corn grains showed a highly significant positive correlation with Cd and As contents in soils.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrated pig slurry using membrane filter on growth of tomato in nutriculture. Pig slurry was filtered by ultra filtration and concentrated by reverse osmosis process. Filtration of pig slurry was necessary to prevent the hose clogging in nutriculture. The concentrated pig slurry (CS) and nutrient solution (NS) were mixed by six different mixing ratios of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40%, 80: 20 and 100%:0% based on nitrogen content. The chemical nutrient solution was the solution of National Horticulture Research Station for the growth of tomato. The concentration of nutrient solution was adjusted a range of $1.6{\sim}2.0mS/cm$ in EC. The plant height of tomato treated with CS 20+NS 80% was similar with NS 100% control plot. Plant height was highest in the plot of CS 20+NS 80%. The treatment of 100% concentrated pig slurry was lowest in the gowth characteristics of tomato. Number of cluster was very lower in 100% concentrated pig slurry compared with plot of chemical nutrient solution. In the beginning of growth stage, SPAD reading value was reduced in plot treated with CS 100%, but CS 20+NS 80% plot was higher compared to 100% concentrated pig slurry. SPAD value of tomato leaves was decreased as the amount of CS was increased. The SPAD value also in treatment of concentrated pig slurry was lower in the middle growth stage compared to control plot. The dry weight of stem and leaf were 107.4, 104.2g in plot of NS 100% and CS 20%+NS 80%, respectively. The fruit number and weight were decreased at high application plots of concentrated pig slurry, The fruit setting of tomato showed lowest in the plot treated with 100% concentrated pig slurry, and the growth of tomato severely decreased after application of 100% CS treatment. In conclusion, the growth characteristics such as plant height and fruit weight of tomato were not significantly different between the plots treated with mixture of 20% CS +80%NS and 100% nutrient solution treatment. In conclusion, the mixture solution of 20% of concentrated pig slurry and 80% of nutrient solution could be used as a nutrition solution of tomato nuticulture.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 1983

To find out problems and changing soil properties induced by leveling of paddy, a field survey was carried out with questionares to farmers of 68 project areas (990 farmers). The soil characteristics between natural soils and cut out sites was compared with soil samples taken from 37 project areas. More than 70 percents of farmers answered to the questionares expressed satisfaction on the paddy land leveling project; however, some farmers replied dissatisfaction that the arable land was decreased the soil productivity due to loss of surface soil or insufficient surface leveling, that the government support was insufficient and that transplanting of rice might be delayed due to retardation of the project. 1. The rate of cut out soils during the land leveling on plain terrain was about 15.3%, but the rates on gently sloped terrain (2-7% slopes) and sloped terrain (7-15% slopes) were relatively high showing 25.9% and 45%, respectively. 2. The deterioration of physical properties was clear in cut out site where the hardness and bulk density increased and the porosity and the rate of water stable aggregate decreased. 3. The degree of deterioration of physical properties on the Diluvial terrace was more severe than on plains or sloped alluvial fans and valleys. The decrease of available phosphorous and the content of organic matter in the cut out place due to land leveling were prominent. 4. The rice yield from cut site was decreased by 28% comparing with that from natural soils.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.135-152
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• 1975

The following informations are known from physical and chemical characteristics of orchard soils and nutritional diagnosis of orange leaves in Jeju. 1. Most orange orchards are located on terrace and cindercone thus soil moisture and microclimate of an orchard will greatly be affected by its topography. 2. Excessive well drainage, shallow soil depth, high content of gravels, low solid phase ratio and strong wind will give severe problem of soil moisture and wind errosion, thus the exte- nsion of soil depth is necessary for maintain nutrients, water and sufficient root volume. 3. Available soil water was significantly and positively correlated with organic matter content and clay content also contributes to available soil water. Vinyl mulching was greatly helpful for soil water conservation, wind errosion prevention, soil temperature increases during winter. 4. Abundant amphoteric amorphous allophane take a key role to fix phosphorus and also rations and thus it is the major factor to determine fertilizer efficiency. Lime and phosphorus must be applied in deeper soil layer. Release of filed phosphorus must be reevluated for availability. 5. Organic matter such as see weeds will greatly increase fertilizer efficiency and low fertilizer efficiency during spring may be related to available soil water. 6. Nitrogen was in superoptimum and Mg was enough but P and Ca were somewhat deficient according to leaf analysies while K was deficient according to fruit analysis. Phosphorus application increased sugar/acid ratio and potassium decreases rind percentage. 7. Manganese deficiency and toxicity appeared in a few places. Iron and boron were enough. Most places showed tendency of copper excess but some places showed copper deficiency. 8. Soiling after elimination of rock base, application of slow release fertilizer and abundant organic matter, vinyl mulching and drip irrigation will increase fertilizer efficiency greatly and fruit yield drastically.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.584-589
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• 2010

Sweet persimmon yield can be limited by soil pH. This study was performed to rapidly determine the optimal level of lime requirement in sweet persimmon field. Soil chemical properties such as Fe, Mn, and Zn were analyzed soil samples of 31 sweet persimmon fields at Gyeongnam Province every two months from April to October in 2008. The available Fe, Mn, and Zn content were significantly high top soil (76.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Fe, 46.1 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Mn, and 16.9 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Zn, respectively), and subsoil (55.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Fe, 35.9 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Mn, and 12.3 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Zn, respectively) in April. Furthermore, the Mn content was significantly decreased since April compared to other micronutrients. We found a significant negative correlation between soil pH and lime requirement (r=0.881, $p{\leq}0.001$ for top soil, and r=0.855, $p{\leq}0.001$ for subsoil). We suggest that a conversion factor is -171 top soil pH + 1,148 to lime requirement (kg $10a^{-1}$) for top soil, and -190 subsoil pH + 1,247 to lime requirement (kg $10a^{-1}$) for subsoil in sweet persimmon fields. These results supported that the improvement of lime requirement by soil pH value is necessary to rapidly apply to field, and prevent micronutrients over uptake by persimmon plant.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1982

A field experiment was conducted in 1981 at the Crop Experiment Station, Suweon, Korea, in machine transplanted paddy rice field, to study the effectiveness of single herbicide, mixture, and systematic application of herbicides on diversity of weed control spectrum. The rice variety planted was Taebaegbyeo, Indica ${\times}$ Japonica cross bred. Experimental field was dominated by Echinochtoa crusgalli, Eleocharis kuroguwai, and Scirpus hotarui, and importance values based on dry weight of these weeds were 89%, 5%, and 3%, respectively. The mixture or systematic treatments of herbicide were generally more effective than single herbicide applications on weed control. Coefficients of similarity based on floristic composition after herbicide application between Perfluidone (5G) and Chloromethoxynil (7G), and between Pertluidone (5G) and Bifenox (7G), and between Perfluidone (5G) and three types of Butachlor (6G) were low, and these sets seemed to be a good mixture herbicide in paddy fields. While, Perfluidone (5G) had low coefficient of similarity with other single herbicides tested. The information on coefficient of similarity could be used as parameter for selecting herbicides to increase the efficiency of herbicidal performance. Simpson's indices from Butachlor (3.5G)/SL-49 (7G), Butachlor (3.5G)/Pyrazolate (6G), and Perfluidone (5G) treatments were high, and these herbicide treatments tended to the weed community type simplified, while the indices from Perfluidone (5G) + Chloromethoxynil (7G), Butachlor (6G) fb Perftuidone (5G), and Butachlor (4G)/Naproanilide (6G) treatments were low, and these herbicide treatments caused to the community type diversified in terms of floristic composition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 1971

Since ${\beta}-aminoethylphosphonic$ acid was discovered in the living organism, the biosynthesis and biological function of aminophosphonic acids have been extensively studied. The purpose of this project consists in the two parts: 1)the preparation of DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid (Phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid) and DL-1-amino-3-methylbutyl-phosphonic acid (Isoleucine aminophosphonic acid) by the method of Chamber and Isbell. 2) the study of metabolism and biological functions of those synthetic materials by the animal experiment (white rats) The importance of this project proved to be the first experience fed by animals for the elucidation of biochemical and metabolic functions in the animal body. The following organic synthesis of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid and DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid are studied. 1)Synthesis of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid a) Synthesis of Iso-butylbromide b) Synthesis of Ethyl iso-butylmalonate c) Synthesis of Iso-caproic acid d) Synthesis of $Ethyl-{\alpha}-bromo$ iso-caproate e) Synthesis of $Triethyl-{\alpha}-phosphono$ iso-caproate f) Synthesis of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid 2)Synthesis of DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid a) Synthesis of Diethyl phosphite b) Synthesis of Ethylchloro acetate c) Synthesis of Triethyl phospho acetate d) Synthesis of Triethyl benzyl phospho acetate e) Synthesis of DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid The synthetic compounds; DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid and DL-1-amino-2-phenyl ethylphosphonic acid which are essential amino acid (isoleucine, phenylalanine)analogue are supplemented to the animal diet at the level of 0.2% and 0.4% for isoleucine analogue and 0.35% and 0.7% for phenylalanine analogue. The plain isoleucine and phenylalanine at the same level in the diet are fercilitated as comparable groups in this study. Two sets of experience including 100 male rats were carried out for seven weeks each total 14 weeks. During this period, urine samples, and each big organs were collected for the analysis of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and glycogen contents in the individual samples by Micro Kjeldahl Fisk & Subbarow and Nelson Somogye, method. 1) The result of the project a) The yield of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid and DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid showed low tendency at the level of 12.5% and 20% Melting point of those two compounds were very high and the ${\alpha}-amino$ group in the synthetic compounds showed positive reaction with ninhydrin in the violet color. b) Ail the experimental groups included in this study revealed statistically no significant difference in the organ weight, total body nitrogen retention and urinary phosphorus excretion This means isoleucine aminophosphonic acid and Phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid were utilized in the body as much as the plain amino acids, isoleucine and phenylalanine did. c) The glycogen contents in the liver of the phenylalaine aminophosphonic acid gruop showed higher statistically significant(p<0.05) in the comparision with the group of the Phenylalanine and the Standard-2. It was noteworthy that the higher glycogen content in the liver might indicate the significance in the incorporation of phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid into the intermediate of tricarboxylic acid cycle as activated state.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.557-570
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• 2016

Growth of 6-year old 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees and control of insect and disease occurrences were compared between fermented soybean extracts and rain-shelter system for two years. Foliar application of fermented soybean extracts was applied at 6 times as a pre-experiment in the open-field in 2013, with a rain-shelter system in 2014. Fermented soybean extract treatment increased foliar concentrations of approximately 0.46% T-N, 0.17% K, 0.19% Ca, and 0.06% Mg in 2013 compared to the control, with similar macro-nutrients between the control and soybean extract treatment observed in 2014. Rain-shelter system increased foliar concentrations of T-N, Ca, and Mg compared to the open-field. There were no significantly different between the control and soybean extract treatment for number of leaves per fruit, leaf dry weight, phytotoxicity, and completed shoot growth on August during the two years. Rain-shelter system increased leaf dry weight and did not affect phytotoxicity in the leaves. Fruit quality parameters were mostly similar to control and soybean extract treatment for two years, with higher fruit firmness observed for soybean extract treatment. Rain-shelter system advanced 4 days of harvest dates, and increased approximately 7.0 ton fruit yield per ha, 20 g mean fruit weight, and fruit soluble solid contents compared to open-field in 2014. Soybean extract treatment little suppressed occurrence of disease and insect on the leaves and fruits in both years. Rain-shelter system increased occurrence of Venturia nashicola on the leaves and to 63.8% of Gymnosporangium asiaticum on the fruits in 2014. Strong winds and storms in May elevated relative humidity in the rain-shelter system and caused high infection of the disease occurrence, requiring for an additional green control method. Soybean extract treatment little affected tree growth and would have initiated for a long-term study to evaluate tree physiological characteristics. Rain-shelter system improved fruit productivity and advanced harvest dates, which could have been more effective facility at a Thanks Giving Day between middle and end of September.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.27-31
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• 2009

Now a days, the Medical X-ray equipments has become digitalized from analog type such as film, cassette to CR, DR. And many scientists are still researching and developing the Medical X-ray equipment. In this study, we used the Bismuth tri-iodide to conversion material for digital X-ray equipments and we couldn't get the satisfying result than previous study, but it opened new possibility to cover the disadvantage of a-Se is high voltage aplly and difficultness of make. In this paper, we use $BiI_3$ powder(99.99%) as x-ray conversion material and make films that have thickness of 200um and the film size is $3cm{\times}3cm$. Also, we deposited an ITO(Indium Tin Oxide) electrode as top electrode and bottom electrode using a Magnetron Sputtering System. To evaluate a characteristics of the produced films, an electrical and structural properties are performed. Through a SEM analysis, we confirmed a surface and component part. And to analyze the electrical properties, darkcurrent, sensitivity and SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) are measured. Darkcurrent is $1.6nA/cm^2$ and sensitivity is $0.629nC/cm^2$ and this study shows that the electrical properties of x-ray conversion material that made by screen printing method are similar to PVD method or better than that. This results suggest that $BiI_3$ is suitable for a replacement of a-Se because of the reduced manufacture processing and improved yield.