• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.153-154
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• 2008

High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying coating has been used widely throughout the last 60 years mainly in defense, aerospace, and power plants. Recently this coating technique is considered as a promising candidate for the replacement of the traditional electrolytic hard chrome plating (EHC) which pollutes the environment and causes lung cancer by toxic hexa-valent $Cr^{6+}$. In this study, two kinds of cermet coatings, WC-CoCr and WC-CrC-Ni, are formed by HVOF spraying. The wear properties of coatings are evaluated comparatively by reciprocating sliding wear tests at $25^{\circ}C$, $250^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$ respectively. Wear rates show that WC-CoCr coatings have better sliding wear resistance than WC-CrC-Ni coatings regardless of temperature due to more, compact and homogeneously distributed WC particles, less metal content, Co, Cr rich metallic bindermatrix with higher fracture strength and better adhesive strength with WC particles.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.159-163
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• 2007

Micron size Co-alloy 800 (T800) powder is coated on the high temperature, oxidation and corrosion resistant super alloy Inconel 718 substrate by the optimal high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating process developed by this laboratory. For the study of durability improvement of high speed spindle operating without lubricants, friction and sliding wear behaviors of the coatings are investigated both at room and at an elevated temperature of $1000^{\circ}F(538^{\circ}C)$. Friction coefficients, wear traces and wear debris of coatings are drastically reduced compared to those of non-coated surface of Inconel 718 substrate both at room temperature and at $538^{\circ}C$. Friction coefficients and wear traces of both coated and non-coated surfaces are drastically reduced at higher temperature of $538^{\circ}C$ compared with those at room temperature. At high temperature, the brittle oxides such as CoO, $Co_{3}O_{4}$, $MoO_2$ and $MoO_3$ are formed rapidly on the sliding surfaces, and the brittle oxide phases are easily attrited by reciprocating slides at high temperature through oxidation and abrasive wear mechanisms. The brittle solid oxide particles, softens, melts and partial-melts play roles as solid and liquid lubricants reducing friction coefficient and wear. These show that the coating is highly recommendable for the durability improvement coating on the machine component surfaces vulnerable to frictional heat and wear.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.273-277
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• 2006

High velocity of oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating is progressively replacing the other classical hard coatings such as chrome plating and ceramic coating by the classical methods, since the very toxic $Cr^{6+}$ ion is well known as carcinogen causing lung cancer, and the ceramic coatings are brittle. Co-alloy T800 powder is coated on the Inconel 718 substrates by the HVOF coating procesess developed by this laboratory. For the study of the possibility of replacing of chrome plating, the wear properties of HVOF Co-alloy T800 coatings are investigated using the reciprocating sliding tester with a counter sliding SUS 304 ball both at room and at an elevated temperature of $1000^{\circ}F\;(538^{\circ}C)$. The possibility as durability improvement coating is studied for the application to the high speed spindles vulnerable to frictional heat and wear. Wear mechanisms at the reciprocating sliding wear test are studied far the application to the systems similar to the sliding test such as high speed spindles. Wear debris and frictional coefficients of T800 coatings both at room and at an elevated temperature of $538^{\circ}C$ are drastically reduced compared to those of non-coated surface of Inconel 718 substrates. Wear traces and friction coefficients of both coated and non-coated surfaces are drastically reduced at a high temperature of $538^{\circ}C$ compared with those at room temperature. These show that the coating is highly recommendable far the durability Improvement coating on the surfaces vulnerable to frictional heat and wear.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.108-115
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• 2014

The friction behaviors of bulk amorphous thermal spray coating (BAC) and second phase-reinforced composite coatings using a high velocity oxy-fuel spraying process were investigated using a ball-on-disk test rig that slides against a ceramic ball in an atmospheric environment. The surface temperatures were measured using an infrared thermometer installed 50 mm from the contact surface. The crystallinities of the coating layers were determined using X-ray diffraction. The morphologies of the coating layers and worn surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that the friction behavior of the monolithic amorphous coating was sensitive to the testing conditions. Under lower than normal loads, a low and stable friction coefficient of about 0.1 was observed, whereas under a higher relative load, a high and unstable friction coefficient of greater than 0.3 was obtained with an instant temperature increase. For the composite coatings, a sudden increase in friction coefficient did not occur, i.e., the transition region did not exist and during the friction test, a gradual increase occurred only after a significant delay. The BAC morphology observations indicate that viscous plastic flow was generated with low loads, but severe surface damage (i.e., tearing) occurred at high loads. For composite coatings, a relatively smooth surface was observed on the worn surface for all applied loads.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.240-244
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• 2006

Tribaloy 800 (T800) powder is coated on the Inconel 718 substrate by the optimal High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) thermal spray coating process developed by this laboratory. For the study of the possibility of replacing of the widely used classical chrome plating, friction, wear properties and sliding wear mechanism of coatings are investigated using reciprocating sliding tester both at room and at an elevated temperature of $1000^{\circ}F\;(538^{\circ}C). Both at room temperature and at $538^{\circ}C$, friction coefficients and wear debris of coatings are drastically reduced compared to those of non-coated surface of Inconel 718 substrate. Friction coefficients and wear traces of both coated and non-coated surfaces are drastically reduced at higher temperature of $538^{\circ}C$ compared with those at room temperature. At high temperature, the brittle oxides such as $CoO,\;Co_3O_4,\;MoO_2,\;MoO_3$ are formed rapidly on the sliding surfaces, and the brittle oxide phases are easily attrited by reciprocating slides at high temperature through complicated mixed wear mechanisms. The sliding surfaces are worn by the mixed mechanisms such as oxidative wear, abrasion, slurry erosion. The brittle oxide particles and melts and partial-melts play roles as solid and liquid lubricant reducing friction coefficient and wear. These show that the coating is highly recommendable for the durability improvement coating on the surfaces vulnerable to frictional heat and wear.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2013

High velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spray coating of WC-metal powder (powder) was carried out to improve the resistances of friction, wear and corrosion of magnetic bearing shaft material Inconel718 (In718) of turbo blower. A micron sized WC-metal powder (86.5% WC, 9.5% Co 4% Cr) was coated onto In718 surface using HVOF thermal spraying. During the spraying, the binder metals and alloy such as Co, Cr and Co-Cr alloy were molten and a small portion of WC particles were partially decomposed to $W_2C$ and free carbon at above its decomposition temperature of $1250^{\circ}C$. The free carbon and excessively sprayed oxygen formed carbon oxide gases, resulting a porous coating of porosity of $2.2{\pm}0.3%$. The surface hardness of substrate increased approximately three times from 400 Hv of In718 to $1260{\pm}30Hv$ of the coating The friction coefficients of the coating were approximately $0.33{\pm}0.03$ at $25^{\circ}C$ and $0.26{\pm}0.03$ at $450^{\circ}C$. These values were smaller than those of In718 substrate at both temperatures due to the lubrication from the free carbon and the cobalt oxide debris. The corrosion resistance of the coating was higher than that of In718 both in salt water of 3.5% NaCl and acid of 1 M HCl solutions, on the contrary, it was lower in base solution of 1 M NaOH. According to this study, the HVOF WC-metal powder coating is recommended for the durability improvement of magnetic bearing shaft of turbo blower.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.629-636
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• 2014

For surface modification, bulk metallic glass coatings were fabricated using metallic glass powder and a mixture of a self-fluxing alloy or/and hard metal alloys with a heat-resisting property using a high velocity oxy-fuel coating thermal spraying process. Microstructural analyses and mechanical tests were carried out using X-ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, an atomic force microscope, a three-dimensional optical profiler, and nanoindenation. As a result, the monolithic metallic glass coating was found to consist of solid particle and lamellae regions that included many pores. Second phase-reinforced composite coatings with a self-fluxing alloy or/and hard metal alloy additives were employed with in-situ $Cr_2Ni_3$ precipitate or/and ex-situ WC particles in an amorphous matrix. The mechanical behaviors of the solid particles and lamella regions showed large hardness and elastic modulus differences. The mechanical properties of the particle regions in the metallic glass composite coatings were superior to those of the lamellae regions in the monolithic metallic glass coatings, but indicated similar trends in matrix region of all the coating layers.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.351-356
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• 2008

Thermally sprayed tungsten carbide-based powder coatings are being widely used for a variety of wear resistance applications. The coating deposited by high velocity processes such as high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying is known to provide improved wear resistant property. In this study, optimal coating process (OCP) is obtained by the study of coating properties such as surface hardness, porosity, surface roughness and microstructure of 9 coatings prepared by Taguchi program for 3 levels of four spray parameters. The Friction and wear behaviors of HVOF WC-CoCr coating prepared by OCP, electrolytic hard chrome (EHC) plating and Inconel718 (In718) are investigated by reciprocating sliding wear test at $25^{\circ}C$, $450^{\circ}C$. Friction coefficients (FC) of all of the 3 samples are decreased as increasing sliding surface temperature from $25^{\circ}C$ to $450^{\circ}C$. FC of WC-CoCr decreases as increasing the surface temperature from $0.33{\pm}0.02$ at $25^{\circ}C$ to $0.26{\pm}0.02$ at $450^{\circ}C$, showing the lowest FC among the 3 samples. Wear trace (WT) and wear depth (WD) of WC-CoCr are smaller than those of EHC and In718 both at $25^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$. These show that WC-CoCr is highly recommendable for protective coating on In718 and other metal components.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.204-211
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• 2020

The high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying coating technique has been considered a promising replacement for traditional electrolytic hard chrome plating (EHC), which caused environmental pollution and lung cancer due to toxic Cr⁶⁺. In this paper, two types of cermet coatings were prepared by HVOF spraying: WC-CoCr and WC-CrC-Ni coatings. The produced coatings were analyzed extensively in terms of the micro-hardness, porosity, crystalline phase and microstructure using a hardness tester, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (including energy dispersed spectroscopy (EDS)), respectively. The wear and friction behaviors of the coatings were evaluated comparatively by reciprocating sliding wear tests at 25 ℃, 250 ℃, and 450 ℃. The results revealed correlations among the microstructures, metallic binder matrixes, porosities, and wear performance of the coatings. For example, WC-CoCr coatings showed better sliding wear resistance than WC-CrC-Ni coatings, regardless of the test temperature due to the more homogeneous microstructure, Co-rich, Cr-rich metallic binder matrix, and lower porosity.