• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.609-615
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• 2010

Angular contact ball bearings in a high speed spindles are under the extreme conditions, such as high temperature, big centrifugal force and thrust cutting forces. So, the assembly contacts between spindle shaft and inner ring bearings, bearing housing and outer ring of bearings are occasionally unstable at high speed revolution. Furthermore, the ball contact angle of a bearing, which influence stiffness and lifetime of bearings, are changed according to loads and rotational speed. To analyze internal forces of a bearing under high speed revolution, the ball contact are calculated using nonlinear equations in consideration of rotational speed, thrust loads and raceway form. Diameter increase of inner and outer ring by influence factors, such as internal forces to inner and outer ring, centrifugal force and temperature of inner and outer rings are calculated to establish stable state in bearing assembly in high speed spindle. Finally, contribution ratio of influence factor to assembly design tolerance of inner and outer rings are shown and the stable assembly design tolerance are proposed.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.671-679
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• 2012

This paper presents an estimation procedure for axial displacement in spindle equipped with angular contact ball bearings due to rotational speed. High-speed spindle-bearing system experiences axial displacement due to thermal expansion and rotational speed-dependent characteristics of angular contact ball bearings. This paper deals with the axial displacement caused by the rotational speed-dependent effects such as centrifugal force and gyroscopic moments. To this end, a bearing dynamic model is established that includes all the static and dynamic properties of angular contact ball bearing. An analytical formula to calculate the axial displacement based on contact angles between ball and races is derived to discuss the physics regarding the axial displacement in spindle. The proposed dynamic model is compared with a reference and a commercial program. Numerical examples are presented to show the effects of centrifugal force and gyroscopic moment on the axial displacement. The proposed model is also validated with an experimental result.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2001

This paper shows the temperature characteristics of a high speed angular contact ball gearing which is 7004C type with ISO P2 tolerance class. A built-in motor type high speed spindle which adopts an oil-air lubrication system was used to measure the temperature rise up to 60,000rpm. The gearing temperature was measured using thermocouples that were attached to the outside surfaces of the outer rings. The result showed that the continuous test method which was suggested in this paper is more effective than on and off method and the lubrication oil supply rate should be reduced in high speed rolling bearings as long as the seizure does not occur. And the result were confirmed that the bearings packed with ceramic balls are superior to those with steel balls in temperature characteristics.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.47-52
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• 1997

Friction torques, electrical contact resistances and bearing temperatures were measured on high speed angular contact ball beatings for the spindle of machine tools. The test bearings ran with oil-air lubrication at the thrust loads from 320 N to 1920 N and at the rotational speed of up to 12000 rpm. Electrical contact resistances between balls and races were measured to evaluate the formation of the lubricant film in the contact area. The test results with sufficient lubrication showed that the variations of friction torques were sensitive to the thrust loads and the rotational speeds, and that the friction torques were higher than those with insufficient lubrication. With insufficient lubrication and high thrust loads, the collapse of the lubricant film was detected even at a high rotational speed. It was concluded that these high speed beatings to run in condition of fluid lubrication should require monitoring not only the temperature increase of the bearing but also the lubricant film formation in contact areas resulting from the change in the applied load and the lubricant amount.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.854-863
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• 2013

High-speed spindle systems typically employ angular contact ball bearings, which can resist both axial and radial loading, and exhibit high precision and durability. We investigated the effects of the arrangement of the angular contact ball bearings on the dynamics of high-speed spindle systems. The spindle dynamics were studied with a number of spindle-bearing models, and the location of the bearings was varied, along with the rotational speed and the preload. A finite element spindle model and a bearing model were used, and simulated data showed that the bearing arrangement significantly affected the spindle dynamics. Furthermore, the main effects were due to the cross coupling terms between the transverse and rotational motions of the ball bearings. The coupling stiffness terms were found to influence the spindle dynamics, depending on the mode shapes. An extensive discussion is provided on the effects of the bearing arrangement on the dynamics of the spindle.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.740-746
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• 2013

Angular contact ball bearings are often adopted for a high-speed spindle owing to their durability against axial and radial loads. The dynamic characteristics of an angular contact ball bearing, however, are very complicated because they are dependent on the applied loads as well as on the system configuration. This study systematically analyzes the radial-load-dependent characteristics of spindles as well as angular contact ball bearings. Toward this end, a spindle dynamic model along with the bearing dynamics model is established. An iterative solution algorithm is implemented to resolve the statically indeterminate problem associated with spindle-bearing systems subjected to radial load. Two numerical examples are provided to investigate the spindle and bearing characteristics as a function of radial load with regard to the system configuration.

• KSTLE International Journal
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2000

Angular contact ball bearings are mainly used in the spindle, which requires high speed and stiffness. The heat generation is studied by experiments and simulations using a pair of angular contact ball bearings. The temperature variation of inner and outer races and the temperature increment distribution are measured by using thermocouples for the rotational speed, preload, viscosity of lubricant. The measured values from experiments are used to estimate the heat conduction rate. The method of oil-air lubrication is used for the experiment. The amount of conduction heat transfer to the test spindle and the convection heat transfer coefficients long the spindle are computed by using inverse method with temperature increment distribution. Total heat generation rate is estimated with the heat partition rate which is calculated from temperatures of inner and outer races. In addition, the empirical factor of oil-air lubrication method for Palmgren's heat generation model is suggested. The empirical friction coefficients, which are obtained from the experiments, depend on the preload condition, and can give us more accurate estimation of the heat generation in ball bearings.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.717-723
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• 2010

Radial stiffness of angular contact ball bearings are decreased remarkably at high speed revolution, because the inner and outer ball contact angle with races arc changed under the ball centrifugal forces at high speed. In the past, the optimizations of spindle units were done under the assumption of unchanged bearing stiffness for the whole speed range. But the bearing stiffness is changed and the dimension of optimum spindle is also changed with speed. In the design phase, only one model of many optimum spindle models with speed should be selected. As optimization criterion, the area of transfer function at spindle nose is proposed to estimate simply and accurately improvement of dynamic characteristics in spindle units. Finally, according to many analyses of diverse spindle models with decreased bearing stiffness, the spindle with shorter bearing span is better than longer bearing span from the viewpoint of dynamic characteristics.

• 한국공작기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공작기계학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.439-444
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• 2004

The important problem in high speed spindle is to reduce and minimize the thermal effect by motor and ball bearings. In this study. the effects of bearing preload and cooling for high speed spindle with high frequency motor are investigated. A high speed spindle is composed of angular contact ball bearings, high frequency motor, grease lubrication, oil jacket cooling, and so on. Heat generation of the bearing and the high frequency motor are estimated from the theoretical and experimental data. The thermal analyses of high speed spindle to minimize the thermal effect and maximize the cooling effect are carried out under the various cooling conditions and preload. Method of variable bearing preload and cooling can be useful to design the high speed motor spindle. The results show that the optimal preload and cooling are very effective to minimize the thermal displacement by motor and ball bearing.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.351-358
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• 1993

Recently a high speed spindle system for machine tools has attracted considerable attention to reduce the machining time, to improve the machining accuracy, to perform the machining of light metals and hard materials and to unite the cutting and grinding processes. In this study, a high speed spindle system is developed by applying the oil-air lubrication method, angular contact ball bearings, injection nozzles with dual orifices and so on. And a lubrication experiment for evaluating the performance of the spindle system is carried out. Especially, in order to establish the lubrication conditions related to the development of a high speed spindle system, the effects of oil supply rate, rotational spindle speed and so on are studied and discussed on the bearing temperature rise, bearing temperature distribution and frictional torque. And the effect of spindle system structure on the bearing temperature distribution is investigated.