• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.375-379
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• 1998

Some Physico-chemical properties of korean red pepper seed oil were evaluated to find available method to utilize red pepper seeds used as useful cooking oil resources. Samples of red pepper seeds used as oil meterials were native, improved species and they were named such as NS (native spicies dried under sunlight), IS (improved spicies dried under sunlight), NF (native spicies dried by heating), and IF(improved spicies dried by heating), respectively. Moisture, ash, crude protein and crude fat contents of all red pepper seeds were 6.6%∼7.7%, 3.3∼3.5%, 18.25∼19.4% and 26.8∼27.5% in all samples, showing the specially high crude fat and crude protein content in NS. Capsaicin contents in crude red pepper seed oils were shown from 0.06 to 0.08% but after refining process, capsaicin contents were mostly tossed as 0∼0.006%. The types of tocopherol found in crude and refined red pepper seed oils were ${\gamma}$-, ${\alpha}$-, $\delta$-analogues, the amount of total tocopherol in IF was 2.10 mg/g oil which were the highest value of all red pepper seeds. In all red pepper seeds oils main fatty acids were linoleic acid (68∼70%), palmitic acid (14∼16%), oleic acid (10∼11%), and linolenic acid were extemely small amounts. The specific gravity (SG) 0.916∼0.919, refractive index (RI) 1.4724, acid value (AV) 0.26∼0.36, peroxide value (POV) 0.73∼1.19 and Iodine value (IV) 134.35∼134.92 were measured in all red pepper seed oils.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2006

목질펠릿을 탄화하여 탄화물의 이용가능성을 알아보기 위하여 밀도, 수율, 원소조성, 발열량, 메틸렌블루흡착량 등의 특성을 분석하였다. 목질펠릿은 현사시, 일본잎갈나무, 잣나무, 소나무, 졸참나무의 수피를 포함한 톱밥을 이용하여 제조하였다. 목질펠릿으로부터 $0.5{\sim}0.7g/cm^3$의 고밀도 탄화물을 얻을 수 있었으며, 탄화온도가 증가하면 탄화물의 탄소함량과 발열량이 증가하였다. 목질펠릿으로부터 얻어진 탄화물의 메틸렌블루 흡착 특성은 목재의 것과 거의 유사하였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2005

Because generally large amount of sludges are generated from the process of sewage and wastewater treatment, the management and controlment of those sludge has become a important issue in many researches. In this dissertation, we conducted the research to see the physico-chemical characteristics of sludges generated from various sources. Moisture of sludges were 81.5% in textile industries, 81.4% in frame metal industries, 80.7% in 1st metal industries. Volatile solid were 22.1% in hide · rubber industries, 21.9% in coke · petroleum industries. Fixed solid were 18.5% and 17.7% in the 1st metal industries and frame metal industries. High heating value by wet base were 1,850 kcal/kg in coke · petroleum industries, 1,220 kcal/kg in hide · rubber industries, but sludges from the 1st metal industries and frame metal industries were impossible to incinerate because most of those sludges were inorganic. The leaching test showed that hazardous materials was detected in nearly every kinds of sludges. Some of sludges from hide · rubber industries and frame metal industries exceeded the leaching criteria and so they were classified as specific wastes. And other sludges generated in sewage treatment plants or other industries was below the leaching criteria.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제3권
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• pp.87-94
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• 1983

Heating characteristics of red pepper paste packed in report pouches of various thicknesses and their storage stability were investigated to determine the adequate processing conditions that good bacteriological safty and minimal quality changes could be obtained, when sterilized by using a steam-air system retort. A heat penetration into pouch-packed red pepper paste was carried out through by a conductive heat transfer, indicating a simple logarithmic heating curve, and the smaller thickness revealed the higher heat penetration rate, suggesting the possibility of high temperature-short time sterilization of red pepper paste. The processing conditions with Fo-value of 4.5 or higher were sufficient for keeping up bacterial safty, but based on C-value, better quality retention was obtained at pouch thickness of 15mm under the processing temperature of $120^{\circ}C$. Subsequent storage study revealed that the red pepper paste packed in 15mm and processed at $120^{\circ}C$ with Fo=4.5 could be held without any spoilage and overall acceptance change, when stored for 6 months at room temperature under the relative humidity of 70%. After 3 months storage in $38^{\circ}C$ under saturation humidity, overall acceptance of red pepper paste were judged not to be maintainable on the acceptable level, but it may be suggested that above the results could be kept up a desirable quality without any remarkable deterioration.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제10권S_2호
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• pp.73-77
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• 2001

The disposal of sewage sludge using landfills and ocean dumping is no longer a viable option due to land scarcity and increasingly stringent environmental control regulations. As such, various efforts have been made to develop new sewage sludge recycling technologies. This work investigates the fundamental physical and chemical characteristics of rural type sewage sludge from Chungnam province in South Korea. The average moisture content, ignition loss, elementary analysis, and average heating value of the sewage sludge samples were examined. The average moisture content of the dewatered sludge was about 80%, while the organic matter was about 50% of the total solid sludge weight. The average heating value of a sewage sludge and petroleum coke waste mixture(1:1 weight ratio) was about 5,000 ㎉/kg, thereby indicating a high potential for energy recycling.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.44-53
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• 2013

In this study, the economic evaluation for imported coals was conducted for power plant based on thermo-dynamical performance analysis. The number of coal types considered was 1,755 imported by five power generation companies in Korea during the 2010-2012. The higher heating value (HHV) of the coals ranged 4,000-6,500 kcal/kg, mostly sub-bituminous. The 1D thermo-dynamical performance modeling was performed for a 500 MWe standard power plant using PROATES code. It was founded that the low rank coals had negative effects on the plant efficiency mainly due to the increased heat loss by moisture, hydrogen and flue gas. Based on the performance analysis, the economic performance of the coals was evaluated. The apparent price of low-rank coals tended to be significantly lower than design coal; for example, the unit price of coal with a HHV of 4,000 kcal/kg was 57% of the reference coal having 6,080 kcal/kg. Considering the negative effects leading to a decrease in the thermal performance, heating value compensation, and increased parasite load, the corrected unit cost for the coal with 4,000 kcal/kg was 90.7% of the reference coal. Overall, the cost saving by imported coals was not high as expected.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.385-389
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 소나무 혼합수종을 이용하여 에너지 밀도 증가, 균일한 품질의 바이오매스 제공을 위해 무산소 조건에서 반탄화를 실시하였다. 반응온도는 240, 260,$280^{\circ}C$로 하여 30분 동안 반응시킨 후 반탄화 바이오매스 특성을 조사하였다. 침엽수혼합수종의 반탄화는 무처리 바이오매스와 비교하여 발열량이 향상되었음을 확인하였다. 반탄화 온도가 증가할수록 반탄화된 바이오매스의 탄소함량은 최대 46.55%에서 55.73%로 증가하였다. 반면 수소와 산소의 함량은 각각 6.00%에서 5.87%, 30.55%에서 27.21%로 감소하였다. 반탄화 과정에서 주로 헤미셀룰로오스와 휘발성 물질이 제거되었다.$280^{\circ}C$에서 30분 동안 반응하였을 때 최대 발열량 5,132 kcal/kg을 나타냈다. 이것은 처리전 바이오매스의 발열량 보다 약 13% 증가하였음을 나타내고 있다. 중량감소율과 에너지수율을 고려하여 비교한 결과 $240^{\circ}C$에서 30분 동안 처리하였을 때 효과적인 반탄화가 이루어졌다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2009

In this study, thermochemical degradation by acetone solvolysis reaction of siberian spruce wood was investigated for a temperature range of $200{\sim}400^{\circ}C$. The liquid products by acetone solvolysis from siberian spruce wood produced various kinds of aliphatics, cyclic compounds and aromatics included phenols etc. Combustion heating value of liquid products by acetone solvolysis conversion processes was in the range of $8,010{\sim}8,180cal/g$. The energy yield in acetone solvolysis of siberian spruce wood was as high as 74.2% after 40min of reaction at $400^{\circ}C$. The liquid products from the thermochemical conversion of siberian spruce wood could be used as high-octane-value fuels and fuel additives.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.430-438
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• 2008

Siberian spruce, found in the northern temperature and boreal regions of the earth, is usable biomass as fuels. In this study, parameters of thermochemical degradation by pyrolysis-liquefaction reaction of siberian spruce such as the effect of reaction temperature, reaction time and degradation products and energy yields were investigated. The liquid products from pyrolysis-liquefaction of siberian spruce contained various kinds of cyclicketones, cresols, dimethyl phenols and benzenediols. Combustion heating value of liquid products from pyrolysis-liquefaction conversion processes was in the range of $7,650{\sim}7,800cal/g$. The energy yield in pyrolysis-liquefaction of siberian spruce was as high as 69.5% after 40min of reaction at $400^{\circ}C$. The liquid products from the thermochemical conversion of siberian spruce could be used as high octane value fuels and fuel additives.

• Carbon letters
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to biofuels such as ethanol and other value-added bio-products including activated carbons has attracted much attention. The development of an efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly pretreatment process is a major challenge in lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel conversion. Although several modern pretreatment technologies have been introduced, few promising technologies have been reported. Microwave irradiation or microwave-assisted methods (physical and chemical) for pretreatment (disintegration) of biomass have been gaining popularity over the last few years owing to their high heating efficiency, lower energy requirements, and easy operation. Acid and alkali pretreatments assisted by microwave heating meanwhile have been widely used for different types of lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Additional advantages of microwave-based pretreatments include faster treatment time, selective processing, instantaneous control, and acceleration of the reaction rate. The present review provides insights into the current research and advantages of using microwave-assisted pretreatment technologies for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars in the process of cellulosic ethanol production.