• Resources Recycling
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• v.15 no.5 s.73
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• pp.47-51
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• 2006

The total amount of ash generated from the municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) in Korea was approximately 420,000 tons in 2005 including 68,000 tons of fly ash. Fly ash from MSWI generally contains high amount of CaO (upto ${\sim}50%$) due to the treatment of flue gas by spraying CaO-base materials. Currently, most of fly ash generated is finally ended up with specially designed landfill sites and only less then 20% of fly ash is recycled. In the present work, preparation of $CaCO_3$ from the MSWI ny ash was studied to promote the fly ash recycling. Fly ash obtained from the dust collector in stoker-type MSWI is used to selectively dissolve CaO by using the sugar solution. Then, $CO_2$ gas was passed through the dissolved solution to pro- duce $CaCO_3$ powder. The optimum conditions for CaO dissolution were solid content 10%, reaction time 15 minutes, sugar concentration $10{\sim}15%\;and\;pH\;10.5{\sim}11.0$. The high grade $CaCO_3$ powder was obtained and the experimental conditions are also discussed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2012

Eupatilin, one of representative medical components of mugwort, can be efficiently extracted from the 'Gangwha Sajabalssuk'. The Eupatilin content may depend on environmental factors such as soil and regional climate in addition to a genetic factor and Gangwha region has a profitable environmental condition for the mugwort growth. In this study, the climatological characteristics of Gangwha was analyzed in order to find the environmental condition of mugwort containing high Eupatilin in term of atmospheric, oceanographic and land variables. The climate of Gangwha is characterized by the relatively low daily temperature and large diurnal variation with plenty of solar radiation, long sunshine duration and less cloudiness. According to our correlation analysis, the long sunshine duration and the large diurnal temperature variation are highly correlated with the Eupatilin contents. The result implies that Gangwha has the favorable conditions for the cultivation and the habitat of the high-Eupatilin concentrated mugwort. Because of the sea surrounding Gangwha Island with low salinity and moderate wind, the salt contained in sea breeze is relatively low compared to other regions. Furthermore, Gangwha has clean atmospheric environment compared to other regions because the concentrations of toxic gases harmful to crop growth such as nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$), sulfite gas ($SO_2$) and fine dust (PM-10) are lower in the air. The ozone ($O_3$) concentration is moderate and within the level of natural production. It is also found that moderately coarse texture or fine loamy soils known as good for water drainage and for the growth and cultivation of the 'Gangwha-mugwort' are distributed throughout the areas around mountainous districts in Gangwha, coinciding with those of mugwort habitat.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2023

Recently, the concentration of fine dust causative substances (NOx, VOC, etc.) in the atmosphere has increased, resulting in high concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O3) and increased damage to crops. This study aimed to analyze the impact of high concentrations of ozone gas on the initial growth of rice plants and investigate the relationship between ozone damage resistance and anthocyanin biosynthesis. To achieve this, rice plants were exposed to elevated levels of ozone g as using an ozone chamber, and subsequent measurements were taken to assess changes in growth, the percentage of damaged leaves, and the anthocyanin content. The results revealed that varieties with a higher proportion of damaged leaves exhibited a relative increase in anthocyanin biosynthesis following ozone exposure. Notably, detrimental effects on growth, such as decreased biomass, were mitigated. Additionally, Anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in rice were listed by selecting homologous genes from Arabidopsis and Maize. The expression of OsF3H2, OsFLS1 and OsLDOX3 was induced during ozone treatment. This result is expected to contribute to the study of the protection mechanism of plants from ozone damage.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 1995

In former times the protection of our environment didn't play an important role due to the fact that emissions and effluents were not considered as serious impacts. However, opinions and scientific measurements meanwhile confirmed that the impacts are more serious than expected. Thus measures to protect our earth has to be taken into consideration. A part of these measures in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). One of the most important parts of the EIA is the collection of basic datas and the following evaluation. Experience out of the daily business of Gerling Consulting Group shows that the content of the EIA has to be revised and enlarged in certain fields. The historical development demonstrated that in areas in which the population and the industrial activities reached high concentration there is a high necessity to develop strict environmental laws and regulations. Maximum values of the concentration of hazardous materials were fixed concerning the emission into and water. Companies not following these regulations were punished. The total amount of environmental offences increased rapidly during the last decade, at least in Germany. During this development the public consciousness concerning environmental affairs increased as well in the industrialized countries. But it could clearly be seen that the development in the field of environmental protection went into the wrong direction. The technologies to protect the environment became more and more sophisticated and terms as: "state of the art" guided more and more to lower emissions, Filtertechnologies and wastewater treatment for example reached a high technical level-but all these sophisticated technologies has one and the same characteristic: they were end-of-the pipe solutions. A second effect was that this kind of environmental protection costs a lot of money. High investments are necessary to reduce the dust emission by another ppm! Could this be the correct way? In Germany the discussion started that the environmental laws reduce the attractivity to invest or to enlarge existing investments within the country. Other countries seem to be not so strict with controlling the environmental laws which means it's simply cheaper to produce in Portugal or Greece. Everybody however knows that this is not the correct way and does not solve the environmental problems. Meanwhile the general picture changes a little bit and we think it changes into the correct direction "End-of-the-pipe" solutions are still necessary but this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word received a real negative touch and nobody wants to be brought into connection with this word especially in connection with environmental management and safety. Modern actual environmental management starts in a different way. Thoughts about emissions start in the very beginning of the production, they start with the design of the product and modification of traditional modes of production. Basis of these ideas are detailed analyses of products and processes. Due to the above mentioned facts that the public environmental consciousness changed dramatically a continous environmental improvement of each single production plant has to be guarantied. This question is already an important question of the EIA. But it was never really checked in a wholistic approach. Environmental risks have to be taken into considerations during the execution of an EIA. This means that the environmental risks have to be reduced down to a capable risk-level. Environmental risks have to be considered within the phase of planning, during the operation of a plant and after shut down. The experience shows that most of the environmental relevant accidents were and caused by human fault. Even in highly protected plants the human risk-factor can not be excluded during evaluation of the risk-potential. Thus the approach of an EIA has to regard technical evaluations as well as organizational thoughts and the human factor. An environmental risk is a threat to the environment. An analysis of the risk concerning the organizational and human aspect however never was properly executed during an EIA. A possible solution could be to use an instrument as the actual EMAS (Environmental Management System) of the EC for more accurate evaluation of the impact to the environment during an EIA. Organizations or investors could demonstrate by an approved EMAS or even by showing their installment of EMAS that not only the technical level of the planned investment meets the requested standards but as well the actual or planned management is able to reduce the environmental impact down to a bearable level.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2008

This research was conducted to examine proper manure treatment methods for a high-rise swine barn with results of the fact-finding survey on manure treatment methods used in high-rise swine barns and sawdust swine barns In Korea. The average temperatures on bedding of control, T1, and T2 were between $25.3{\sim}25.4^{\circ}C$ with little difference. Air flow rate of T2 was slower than those of control and T1. Dust generation in control was 54 cpm which was higher than T1 and T2. The average ammonia concentration in control was highest showing 6.0 ppm, ranged from 0.5 to 14.5 ppm, with statistical difference (p<0.05), compared to T1 (2.8 ppm) and T2 (2.6 ppm). Sawdust spreading used in control and T1 decreased ammonia concentration. T1 showed the lowest concentration of $CO_2$. Water contents of control and T2 were close to the proper water content, 65%. T1 had the highest water content and pH, and the lowest organic matter and C/N ratio. The volumes of sawdust spread per head were 0.26 and $0.27m^3$ in control and T2, respectively, which was less than T1. Operating cost such as an electricity bill for blowers was cheap in T2. Hence, T2 bedding sawdust up to 10 cm thick and periodically spreading additional sawdust from second story was recommended.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.8-13
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• 2018

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have recently been very influential in the generation of ultrafine dust, which is of great social interest in terms of improving the atmospheric environment. Nitrogen oxides are generated mainly by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in air in a combustion gas atmosphere of high temperature in a combustion apparatus such as thermal power generation. Recently, research has been conducted on the combustion that recirculates the exhaust gas to the cylindrical burner by using a piping using a Coanda nozzle. In this study, three types of burners were carried out through computational fluid analysis. Case 1 burner with the outlet of the combustion gas to the right, Case 2 burner with both sides as gas exit, Case 3 burner with left side gas exit. The pressure, flow, temperature, combustion reaction rate and distribution characteristics of nitrogen oxides were compared and analyzed. The combustion reaction occurred in Case 1 and Case 2 burner in the right direction with combustion gas recirculation inlet and Case 3 burner in the vicinity of mixed gas inlet. The temperature at the outlet was about $100^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the other burners as the Case 2 burner was exhausted to both sides. The NOx concentration of Case 1 burner at the exit was about 20 times larger than that of the other burners. From the present study, it could be seen that it is effective for the NOx reduction to exhaust the exhaust gas to both side gas exits or to exhaust the exhaust gas to the opposite direction of inlet of recirculation gas.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.192-203
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• 2020

Objectives: The concentration distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenlys (dl-PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine particles were investigated to provide basic data on POP behavior and composition analysis. Methods: The concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PAHs by particle size were evaluated for TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5. Also, fine dust component analysis and factor analysis were performed to identify the source of PCDD/Fs. Results: The particle size distribution was found to account for 24.3% of >10 ㎛, 14.5% of 2.5-10 ㎛, and 61.2% of <2.5 ㎛. The average contributions of coarse particles (>2.5 ㎛) and fine particles (<2.5 ㎛) were PCDD/Fs 67%, dl-PCBs 66%, benzo (a) pyrene 83% and PAHs 84%, and the contributions of fine particles (<2.5 ㎛) were higher than coarse particles (>2.5 ㎛). However, the contributions of coarse particles increased in April to September with higher temperatures, while those of fine particles increased in February to March with lower temperatures. Conclusions: Low chlorinated (4Cl-5Cl) PCDD/Fs were more adsorbed compared to coarse particles due to the influence of pollutant migration from particulate to gas phase according to temperature rise, whereas high chlorinated (6Cl-8Cl) PCDD/Fs were more adsorbed compared to fine particles. PCDD/Fs sources were assessed to be major sources of emissions, such as incineration facilities and/or open burning.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.333-343
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• 2013

The exhibition hall of museum has been damaged by abundant dust and mold of the air in the room. Occurrence of microorganisms on the surface of the cultural heritage will cause damages such as coloration, materials degradation, deterioration, etc. In this study, we investigated the temperature/humidity and microbes distribution in exhibition hall, display showcase, and on surface of wall paintings in the Muwisa museum. From some samples collected in exhibition hall and display showcase, we identified so many varieties of micro-organisms such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp.. In particular, we could see a large number of microorganisms in the number 1, 2 exhibition hall compared with the number 3 exhibition hall. The results examining the distribution of the temperature and humidity were showed as $28{\pm}4^{\circ}C$ and 70~80%, respectively. The number 1 exhibition showcase was higher humidity environment than the number 2, 3 exhibition hall compared to the distribution ratio, which considered as correlation with the distribution of microorganism concentration. As these results, we understood that high temperature and humidity in the exhibition hall and display showcase of the Muwisa museum were characteristics caused by environmental management and hermetically-sealed rooms.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.204-214
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• 2014

Objectives: Vehicular emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution in urban areas. Correlation analysis was conducted between air pollutants and traffic volume in order to identify causes of air pollution in Gwangju. Methods: Using traffic volumes and air quality monitoring data from 2002 to 2012 from nine stations (seven urban areas, two roadside areas), especially at three sites where traffic volumes were high, the correlation coefficients were obtained between air pollutants as PM-10 (particulate matter), $NO_2$, $SO_2$, CO and $O_3$ at the stations and traffic volumes near the air monitoring stations. Results: Due to traffic volume and distance between the station and the traffic road, concentrations of pollutants at roadside areas were higher than at urban areas, with the exception of $O_3$. The concentration of $O_3$ showed statistically significance with those of other gas materials as $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and CO in winter (p<0.001) and spring (p<0.05). During the period of October 7 to 20, 2012, excluding periods of yellow dust, smog and rainy season, the ratio of $NO/(NO+NO_2)$ showed the highest value 0.57 and 0.40 at Unam and Chipyeong of two roadside stations, followed by 0.35 at Nongseong with vehicular effects. The correlation coefficient between traffic volume and $O_3$, CO, $NO_2$ became higher when the data on mist and haze days were excluded, than when all hourly data were used in that period, at the three sites of Unam, Chipyeong, and Nongseong. Conclusions: Air quality showed a considerable effect from vehicles at roadside areas compared to in urban areas. Air pollutant diminishment strategies need to be aggressively adopted in order to protect atmospheric environment.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.567-575
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• 2021

Residents in Dangjin, South Chungcheong Province, in which large-scale emissions facilities such as coal-fired power plants and steel mills are concentrated, are very much concerned about their health despite the local government's aggressive efforts to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gases. To understand the impact of coal-fired power plants and external factors on local air pollution, the origins of local pollutants were investigated using stable carbon isotopes that are generally used as tracers of the provenance of fine or ultrafine dust. The origins of the pollutants were analyzed with the data library, built using the seasonally measured data for the two separate locations selected considering the distance from the coal-fired power plant and the analysis of previous studies, and with the back trajectory analysis. As a result of analyzing stable isotope ratios, the tendency of high concentration was found in the order of winter > spring > fall > summer. According to the data matching with the library, the mobile pollutants and open-air incineration had a relatively higher impact on the local air pollution. It is believed that this study, as a pilot study, should focus on securing the reliability of the study results through continuous monitoring and data accumulation.