• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2002

In this study, several types of gravimetric methods (such as high, medium, low, and ultra low volume sampling methods) were applied to determine suspended particulate matter concentrations in both ambient and indoor environments. Comparative evaluations were undertaken with SPM data obtained using a variety of samplers (TSP, PM10, and PM4.0) at different sampling flow rates. Correlation coefficients between TSP and PM10 concentrations measured at different flow rates fell in the range of 0.73∼0.94 (n=40). In addition, correlation coefficients for PM concentrations measured by different TSP samplers were in the range of 0.90∼0.95 (n=36 or n=38), while 0.77∼0.91 (n=38) for PM10 samplers. Correlation analysis was also conducted on indoor monitoring data that were measured using ultra-low-volume samplers at both different or identical flow rates. The correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.98∼0.99 (n=38) between TSP and TSP and 0.92∼0.94 (n=38) between TSP and PM10. The mean ratio for high volume PM10 to TSP concentration that was monitored at identical flow rates in the ambient air appeared to be 0.72. The mean ratios of PM10 to TSP and PM4.0 to TSP observed with identical flow rates at indoor environments were 0.47 and 0.40. The results of this study may provide empirical information concerning the compatability of aerosol data obtained by gravimetric sampling methods at different flow rates.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.6_3
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• pp.1681-1690
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• 2020

A scanning lidar system has been developed. The system has two wavelength observation channels of 532 and 1064 nm and is capable of 360-degree horizontal scanning observation. In addition, an analysis method that can classify the measured particle as an indicator of coarse-mode particle (PM2.5-10) and an indicator of fine-mode particles (PM2.5) and calculate the mass concentration of each has been developed by using the backscatter coefficient at two wavelengths. It was applied to the data calculated by observation. The mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5, which showed a distribution of 22-110 ㎍/㎥ and 7-78 ㎍/㎥, respectively, were successfully calculated in the Ulsan Onsan Industrial Complex using the developed scanning lidar system. The analyzed results showed similar values to the mass concentrations measured on the ground around the lidar observation area, and it was confirmed that high concentrations of 80-110 ㎍/㎥ and 60-78 ㎍/㎥ were measured at points discharged from factories, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 2016

Particle-phase concentrations were measured at 10, 80, and 200 m from the roadside of a national highway near Seoul in January and May 2008. The highway has two lanes each way, with an average hourly traffic volume of 1,070 vehicles. In January 2008, $PM_{10}$ concentrations decreased from 10 to 80 m but increased at 200 m. Black carbon (BC) decreased only slightly with distance due to the influence of biomass burning and open burning from the surrounding areas. In May 2008, the effect of secondary formation on both $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was significant due to high temperatures compared with January. Because on-road emissions had little effect on secondary formation for a short time, variations in $PM_{10}$ concentrations became smaller, and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations increased with distance. The effects of fugitive dust on PM concentrations were greater in May than in January when the mean temperature was below freezing. In the composition variations, the amounts of primary ions, organic carbon (OC), and BC were larger in January, while those of secondary ions and others were larger in $PM_{10}$, as well as $PM_{2.5}$ in May.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.927-938
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• 2017

This study was conducted to determine correlations and similarity between the ozone and $PM_{10}$ data of 19 air quality monitoring stations in Busan from 2013 to 2016, using correlation and cluster analyses. Ozone concentrations ranged from $0.0278{\pm}0.0148ppm$ at Gwangbok to $0.0378{\pm}0.017ppm$ at Taejongdae and were high in suburban areas, such as Yongsuri and Gijang, as well as in coastal areas, such as Jaw, Gwangan, Taejongdae and Noksan. $PM_{10}$ concentrations ranged from $37.2{\pm}25.0ug/m^3$ at Gijang to $58.3{\pm}32.2ug/m^3$ at and Jangrim. $PM_{10}$ concentrations were high in the west, exceeding the annual ambient air quality standard of $50ug/m^3$. Positive correlations were observed for ozone at most stations, ranging from 0.61 between Taejongdae and Sujeong to 0.92 between Bugok and Myeongjang. The correlation coefficients of $PM_{10}$ between stations ranged from 0.62 between Jangrim and Jaw to 0.9 between Gwangbok and Sujeong. Yeonsan, Daeyeon, and Myeongjang were highly correlated with other stations, so they needed to be reviewed for redundancy. Ozone monitoring stations were initially divided into two sections, north-western areas and suburban-coastal areas. The suburban-coastal areas were subsequently divided into three sections. $PM_{10}$ monitoring stations were initially divided into western and remaining areas, and then the remaining areas were subsequently divided into three sections.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.459-471
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• 2009

Air Monitoring Network(11 urban stations) is operated to measure ambient air quality in Daegu city. The urban air monitoring stations include 6 in residence area, 3 in industrial area, 1 in commercial area, and 1 in green area. In this study, hourly data (2006. 1. 1~2008. 12. 31) of $PM_{10}$ were measured at 11 urban air monitoring stations. $PM_{10}$ mean concentrations were high in fall and winter because of low wind speed and many haze days. The number of exceeding the daily standard of $PM_{10}$ in industrial area was approximately twice as many as that in residence area. $PM_{10}$ concentrations and visibility were influenced significantly by wind speed. Wind speed and visibility were below 1.8 m/s and 10 km, respectively when $PM_{10}$ concentrations were over $120{\mu}g/m^3$. $PM_{10}$ concentrations were high when haze was observed. The mean concentrations of $PM_{10}$ were $104{\pm}41.3{\mu}g/m^3$, $63{\pm}35.1{\mu}g/m^3$, and $49{\pm}26.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively when haze, mist and clear were observed.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.255-273
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• 2018

To develop effective emission abatement strategies for eighteen coal-fired power plants located throughout Korea, power plant emission data and TAPM (The Air Pollution Model) were used to quantify the impact of emission reductions on primary $PM_{10}$ concentrations. TAPM was validated for two separate time periods: a high $PM_{10}$ concentration period from April 7 to 12, 2016, and a low $PM_{10}$ concentration period from June 1 to June 6 2016. The validated model was then used to analyze the impacts of five applicable power plant shut-down scenarios. The results showed that shut-down of four power plants located within the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) would result in up to 18.9% reduction in maximum $PM_{10}$ concentrations, depending on synoptic conditions. A scenario for the shutdown of a single low stack height with highest-emission power plant located nearest to Seoul showed a small impact on averaged $PM_{10}$ concentrations (~1%) and 4.4% ($0.54{\mu}g/m^3$) decrease in maximum concentration. The scenario for four shutdowns for power plants aged more than 30 years within SMA also showed a highest improvement of 6.4% ($0.26{\mu}g/m^3$ in April) in averaged $PM_{10}$ concentrations, and of 18.9% ($2.33{\mu}g/m^3$ in June) in maximum concentration, showing almost linear relationship in and around SMA. Reducing gaseous air pollutant emissions was also found to be significant in controlling high $PM_{10}$ concentrations, indicating the effectiveness of coreduction of power plant emissions together with diesel vehicle emissions in the SMA. In addition, this study is implying that secondary production process generating $PM_{10}$ pollution may be a significant process throughout most regions in Korea, and therefore concurrent abatement of both gas and particle emissions will result in more pronounced improvements in air quality over the urban cities in South Korea.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.182-193
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• 2017

In order to examine the variation characteristics of chemical compositions in relation to the inflow pathways of Asian dust, $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols were collected at Gosan site of Jeju Island during the Asian dust days between 2010 and 2015, and their chemical compositions were analyzed. The mean mass concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ during Asian dust days were $130.0{\pm}90.2$ and $38.2{\pm}24.7{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The composition ratios of major secondary pollutants ($nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NH_4{^+}$, $NO_3{^-}$) were high as 53.7 % for $PM_{10-2.5}$ and 90.6 % for $PM_{2.5}$. When the Asian dusts had been transported to the Korean Peninsula via Loess Plateau of central China, the concentrations of $nss-Ca^{2+}$, $NH_4{^+}$, $nss-SO_4{^{2-}}$, and $NO_3{^-}$ increased more noticeably. Whereas in case when the inflow pathways of Asian dust had been through the Bohai bay, the concentrations of the crustal species such as Al, Fe, and Ca were relatively high in coarse particles. The atmospheric aerosols were acidified largely by sulfuric and nitric acids. They were neutralized mainly by calcium carbonate in coarse particle mode passed through Manchuria area, but by ammonia in fine particle mode passed through Loess plateau and Bohai bay. Ammonium salts are assumed to exist as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate in coarse particles, but mostly as ammonium sulfate in fine particles.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.999-1012
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• 2022

To investigate the reason for the spatial difference in PM_2.5 (Particulate Matter, < 2.5 ㎛) concentration despite a similar synoptic pattern, a synoptic analysis was performed. The data used for this study were the daily average PM_2.5 concentration and meteorological data observed from 2016 to 2020 in Busan and Seoul metropolitan areas. Synoptic pressure patterns associated with high PM_2.5 concentration episodes (greater than 35 ㎍/m³) were analyzed using K-means cluster analysis, based on the 900 hPa geopotential height of NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) FNL (Final analysis) data. The analysis identified three sub-groups related to high concentrations occurring only in Busan and Seoul metropolitan areas. Although the synoptic patterns of high PM_2.5 concentration episodes that occur independently in Busan and Seoul metropolitan areas were similar, there was a difference in the intensity of pressure gradient and its direction, which tends to be an important factor determining the movement time of pollutants. The spatial difference in PM_2.5 concentration in the Korean Peninsula is due to the difference and direction of the atmospheric pressure gradient that develops from southwest to northeast direction.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.689-698
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• 2007

Particular attention is paid to the validity of PM-10 measurement using beta attenuation method. In this study, the inter-comparison studies were undertaken for PM-10 sampler with different measuring methods. The three beta attenuation monitoring instruments (BAM1020, FH C-14, and DIGS-150) and filter based gravitational method using High Volume Air Sampler were collocated and mass concentrations were compared from August to November, 2006. The results of the investigation show that beta attenuation monitoring instruments are comparable with gravitational method within 10% of measurement error. For specific conditions under high humidity and high concentrations, the inter-comparison results also showed a relatively good agreement and this can be explained as the effect of inlet heating of beta attenuation instrument. Subsequently, this study shows that beta attenuation monitoring instruments can be equivalently used with reasonable validity when compared gravimetric method.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-41
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• 2021

Kazakhstan's cities experience high concentrations levels of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), which is well-known for its highly detrimental effect on the human health. A further increase in PM concentrations in the future could lead to a higher air pollution-caused morbidity and mortality, causing an increase in healthcare expenditures by the government. However, to prevent elevated PM concentrations in the future, more stringent standards could be implemented by lowering current maximum allowable PM concentration limit to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s limits. Therefore, this study aims to find out what impact this change in environmental policy towards PM has on state economy in the long run. Future PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were estimated using multiple linear regression based on gross regional product (GRP) and population growth parameters. Dose-response model was based on World Health Organization's approach for the identification of mortality, morbidity and healthcare costs due to air pollution. Analysis of concentrations revealed that only 6 out of 21 cities of Kazakhstan did not exceed the EU limit on PM10 concentration. Changing environmental standards resulted in the 71.7% decrease in mortality and 77% decrease in morbidity cases in all cities compared to the case without changes in environmental policy. Moreover, the cost of morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution decreased by $669 million in 2030 and $2183 million in 2050 in case of implementation of OECD standards. Thus, changing environmental regulations will be beneficial in terms of both of mortality reduction and state budget saving.