• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to investigate the psychological hierarchy structure of science concepts and to determine the effective teaching order by comparing the teaching effects of the psychological hierarchy order with those of teaching order of the current text in order to inquire validating evaluation framework of science curriculum sequence. Key concepts were selected by tasks analysis in the seven units of elementary and secondary school curriculum. Concept formation tests were developed to evaluate each concepts achievement,. The test items were made according to each of the concepts based on 12 prototype tasks developed by Frayer(1969). To identify the students' psychological hierarchy the test items were administrated to elementary and secondary school students. Ordering theory was used to identify the students' psychological hierarchy. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used in this study as an experimental design. Teaching with psychological hierarchy order was applied tp experimental group and teaching with concept order described in the current text was applied to control group. The major results of this study are as followings: 1. The students' psychological hierarchy structures are different from logical hierarchy structures. 2. The science teachers' psychological hierarchy structures are different from not only logical hierarchy structures but also students' psychological hierarchy structures. 3. The mean score of experimental group applied psychological hierarchy order is significantly higher(p<.05) than the control group in the concept achievement.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.8D no.6
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• pp.853-860
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• 2001

In the object-oriented software development, redesigning of classes and reorganizing of class hierarchy structures should be necessary to reduce many of the headaches of object-oriented software design and maintenance. To support this task, in this paper, we propose a theoretical foundation for class hierarchy reorganizations that is relatively complete, correct, formal and easy to understand and use. We introduce the flattened class hierarchy that characterizes the class hierarchy structures in object-oriented software evolution. And we also present an algorithm which transforms a given class hierarchy into the normalized form. The flattened class hierarchy helps us map the inheritance and aggregation paths in a class hierarchy to paths in an object hierarchy that is an instance of the class hierarchy. By applying the algorithm into a given class hierarchy, we can make a new, object-preserved, and flattened class hierarchy that is the cornerstone for reorganization of class hierarchy structure and plays an important role as a bridge on the incremental evolutionary changes and reuse of object-oriented software to reorganize class hierarchies.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.177-183
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• 2008

This paper aims to offer a solution based on intelligent document classification to create a user-centric information retrieval system allowing user-centric linguistic expression. So, structures expressing user intention and fine document classifying process using EBL, similarity, knowledge base, user intention, are proposed. To overcome the problem requiring huge and exact semantic information, a hybrid process is designed integrating keyword, thesaurus, probability and user intention information. User intention tree hierarchy is build and a method of extracting group intention between key words and user intentions is proposed. These structures and processes are implemented in HDCI(Hybrid Document Classification with Intention) system. HDCI consists of analyzing user intention and classifying web documents stages. Classifying stage is composed of knowledge base process, similarity process and hybrid coordinating process. With the help of user intention related structures and hybrid coordinating process, HDCI can efficiently categorize web documents in according to user's complex linguistic expression with small priori information.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.175-190
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• 2024

Aerodynamic shape optimization is very useful for enhancing the performance of wind-sensitive structures. However, shape parameterization, as the first step in the pipeline of aerodynamic shape optimization, still heavily depends on empirical judgment. If not done properly, the resulting small design space may fail to cover many promising shapes, and hence hinder realizing the full potential of aerodynamic shape optimization. To this end, developing a novel shape parameterization scheme that can reflect real-world complexities while being simple enough for the subsequent optimization process is important. This study proposes a machine learning-based scheme that can automatically learn a low-dimensional latent representation of complex aerodynamic shapes for bluff-body wind-sensitive structures. The resulting latent representation (as design variables for aerodynamic shape optimization) is composed of both discrete and continuous variables, which are embedded in a hierarchy structure. In addition to being intuitive and interpretable, the mixed discrete and continuous variables with the hierarchy structure allow stakeholders to narrow the search space selectively based on their interests. As a proof-of-concept study, shape parameterization examples of tall building cross sections are used to demonstrate the promising features of the proposed scheme and guide future investigations on data-driven parameterization for aerodynamic shape optimization of wind-sensitive structures.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose an integrated data envelopment analysis (DEA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology in which the information about the hierarchical structures of input-output data can be reflected in the performance assessment of decision making units (DMUs). Firstly, this can be implemented by extending a traditional DEA model to a three-level DEA model. Secondly, weight bounds, using AHP, can be incorporated in the three-level DEA model. Finally, the effects of incorporating weight bounds can be analyzed by developing a parametric distance model. Increasing the value of a parameter in a domain of efficiency loss, we explore the various systems of weights. This may lead to various ranking positions for each DMU in comparison to the other DMUs. An illustrative example of road safety performance for a set of 19 European countries highlights the usefulness of the proposed approach.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.328-333
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• 2002

The deeper the hierarchy of a inheritance structure is, the better the reusability of the structure is, but the more difficult the understandability and the maintainability of it is. On the contrary, the shallower the hierarchy is, the worse the abstraction of the inheritance structure is, but the better the understandability and modifiability of it is. Therefore, it is to be desired that a deep hierarchy of a inheritance structure should be split to be shallow for the maintainability of a system. This paper proposed a complexity metric that is based on DIT and NOC of Chidamber and Kemerer, and solved the ambiguity of the metrics of them, which was pointed out by Li. The metric is a simple and heuristic one for measuring the complexity of class inheritance structures by considering the number of ancestor classes and descendant classes and the depth of inheritance hierarchy. This provides a quantitative information for assessing the complexity of a inheritance structure in splitting it.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.747-755
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• 2022

Hierarchical structure parameters, proposed in She-Leveque model, are investigated for velocity components obtained from different flow types over a large range of Reynolds numbers 255 < Re_𝜆 < 720. The values of intermittency parameter 𝛽, with respect to a fixed velocity component, are observed nearly same for all four types of turbulence. The parameter 𝛾, for streamwise velocity components is nearly the same but significantly different for vertical components in different flows. It is also observed that for both parameters, an obvious relation between the longitudinal and transverse components 𝛽_T < 𝛽_L (and 𝛾_T < 𝛾_L) always holds. However, the difference between 𝛽_L and 𝛽_T is found very small in all types of turbulent flows, we studied here. It is evidenced that at low Reynolds numbers, the deviations from K41 scaling are mainly due to the most intense structures and slightly because of more heterogeneous hierarchy of fluctuation structures. However, at higher Reynolds numbers the deviations seem as a consequence of the most intense structures only. Over all, the study suggests that the hierarchy parameter 𝛽 may be consider as a universal constant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.247-248
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• 2016

Globally the interest of large-scale structure has been increasing for the use in various social and cultural events. However various problems for building large-scale structure in South Korea are expected in terms of construction method and site management due to the lack of experience. Construction method and planning significantly affects on making decisions. There are only theoretical approach for constructing large-scale building in domestic with the limited experience of constructing constrained size structure. Through Analytic Hierarchy Process with experts, derived decision factors mostly used construction method in construction of large-scale structure. Derived factors from this study will support making decisions for field management in constructing large-scale structure.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.117-135
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• 2007

Globalization changes in market structures and consumer needs, as well as technology innovations force organizations to adopt new structures and collaborative networks to cope with rapidly changing environments. These Collaborative Networks are based on the Idea of virtual enterprise. A virtual enterprise(VE) is a temporary alliance of globally distributed independent enterprises that share core competencies and computer networks. This paper presents a proposal for a methodology to measure a key factor of success and risk First of all, we chose thirty experts' defines on virtual enterprise, fifteen are academic specialist and other fifteen are from industry. For this study we define twenty two factors determining VE's success and seventeen factors determining VE's risk using by Delphi method. And we built the influence model on virtual enterprise. A research model was established according to preceeding research and consensus on experts then the revised model of key factors on virtual enterprise. This survey was based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is an approach to decision making that involves structuring multiple choice criteria into a hierarchy, the assessing the relative important of these criteria, comparing alternative for each criteria, and determining an overall ranking of the alternatives. A model was constructed as 3 level hierarchy. The hierarches are organizational, strategic, technical criteria. for success model on VE has 22 factors and 17 factors for risk model. They are selected by all 30 experts. 14 copies among 30 copies distributed to carry out on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Consistency ratio confirm high validity and reliability of instrument and support theoretical model. The results of this study are summarized as follows. (1) This study presented success on VE influenced strategic criteria, and essential factor is Creating a value. Risk on VE influenced strategic criteria, and essential factor is Outcome/Distribution. (2) Its enable that ranking the criteria influence on VE. These are supported VE management and using guideline of VE.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1345-1355
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• 2012

In this study, 15 evaluation questions about light were developed and presented to 30 middle school students, and then the theory of knowledge space was used to analyze the status of the middle school students' knowledge about light. Not only was the state of the students' knowledge about light intended to be measured by schematizing the knowledge hierarchy obtained; the data obtained were also intended to be used as basic materials to improve the teaching methods used. To achieve the purpose of this study, the evaluation results, the individual knowledge state, and the hierarchy of questions were analyzed. As a result, different knowledge structures were found in the individuals and groups, and it was determined that individuals and groups should be diagnosed differently. In addition, the implication that there is a connection between each question and the individual knowledge state was drawn.