• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.221-231
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• 2018

A new procedure to produce poly(vinylidene fluoride)/boron nitride hybrid membrane is presented for application in membrane distillation (MD) process. The influence of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) incorporation on the performance of the polymeric membranes is studied through the present investigation. For this aim, h-BN nanopowders were successfully synthesized using the simple chemical vapor deposition (CVD) route and subsequent solvent treatments. The resulting h-BN nanosheets were blended with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) solution. Then, the prepared composite solution was subjected to phase inversion process to obtain PVDF/h-BN hybrid membranes. Various examinations such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wettability, permeation flux, mechanical strength and liquid entry pressure (LEP) measurements are performed to evaluate the prepared membrane. Moreover, Air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) experiments were carried out to investigate the salt rejection performance and the durability of membranes. The results show that our hybrid PVDF/h-BN membrane presents higher water permeation flux (${\sim}18kg/m^2h$) compared to pristine PVDF membrane. In addition, the experimental data confirms that the prepared nanocomposite membrane is hydrophobic (water contact angle: ${\sim}103^{\circ}$), has a porous skin layer (>85%), as well competitive fouling resistance and operational durability. Furthermore, the total salt rejection efficiency was obtained for PVDF/h-BN membrane. The results prove that the novel PVDF/h-BN membrane can be easily synthesized and applied in MD process for salt rejection purposes.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.307-317
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• 2020

피부 표피의 장벽 구조는 신체 내부의 수분 손실을 방지하고 외부의 이물질의 침입을 막는데 핵심적인 구조이고 각질세포와 세포간 지질로 구성된다. 이 때, 피부 장벽의 세포간 지질은 orthorhombic 구조로 패킹되어있을 때 가장 강한 구조를 가지고 있다. 그러나 다양한 외부 원인에 의해 손상되어 hexagonal 구조로 변화한다. 이런 물리적인 구조의 변화는 FT-IR을 이용하여 지질의 CH₂-CH₂ scissoring band의 시그널은 분석하여 비 침습적으로 분석 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 SDS를 Porcine skin에 처리하여 피부 장벽 손상모델을 구축하고 FT-IR signal을 분석하여 패킹구조의 변화 정도를 수치화 하였다. 이후 화장품 제형의 처리에 따라서 손상 모델의 장벽 회복 여부를 판단하였다. 이를 통하여 기존의 피부 장벽의 수분 증발량을 분석하는 간접적인 측정 방식을 보완할 수 있다. 또한, 피부 장벽 구조의 물리적인 변화를 직접적이고 효율적으로 분석하는 방식으로 활용 가능하여 다양한 소재의 기능 규명과 제형의 검증에 사용될 수 있다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2019

원자층 증착법(ALD: atomic layer deposition)으로 $150^{\circ}C$에서 성장된 zinc oxide (ZnO) 초박막의 두께 변화에 따른 구조적, 전기적, 광학적 특성을 조사하였다. ZnO 박막을 증착하기 위해 금속 전구체와 반응물로 각각 diethylzinc와 deionized water를 사용하였다. ALD 사이클 당 성장률은 $150^{\circ}C$에서 약 0.21 nm/cycle로 일정 하였으며, 50 사이클 이하의 샘플들은 초기 ALD 성장 단계에서 상대적으로 얇은 두께로 인하여 비정질 성질을 갖는 것으로 보였다. 100 사이클에서 200 사이클로 두께가 증가함에 따라 ZnO 박막의 결정성이 증가하였고 hexagonal wurtzite 구조를 보였다. 또한, ZnO 박막의 입자 크기가 ALD 사이클의 수의 증가에 따라 증가되었다. 전기적 특성 분석 결과 박막 두께의 증가에 따라서 비저항 값이 감소하였으며, 이는 박막 두께 증가에 따른 입자 크기 증가 및 결정성 개선으로 더 두꺼운 ZnO 박막에서 입자 경계의 농도 감소와 상관 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 광학적 특성 분석 결과 근 자외선 영역 (300 nm~400 nm)에서의 밴드 엣지 흡수가 증가 및 이동되었는데 이 현상은 ZnO 박막 두께의 증가에 따른 캐리어 농도의 증가가 기인 한 것으로, 이 결과는 박막 두께의 증가에 따른 저항률 감소와 잘 일치한다. 결과적으로 박막의 두께가 증가하면 막 면의 응력이 완화되어 밴드 갭이 감소하고 결정성 및 전도성이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.2327-2331
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• 2011

본 논문은 세정기의 세척수를 인체에 유익한 자화육각수로 변환시켜주는 기술로서, 세정기로 세척수가 공급되는 유입 관에 자화기를 설치하여 세척수를 인체에 유익한 자화육각수로 변환시켜 사용함에 따라 비데와 변기를 위생적으로 유지 관리하게 해주는 자화육각수 제조 기술에 관련하여 특허를 시계열분석을 통하여 출원이 많은 대표적인 국가별 출원을 분석하였다. 자화육각수 제조 기술 분야의 특허 출원 동향을 살펴보면 대부분 한국과 일본에 의한 특허 출원임을 알 수 있으며, 일본특허는 특허건수와 출원인수가 모두 증가하는 발전기에서 특허건수와 출원인수가 모두 감소하는 퇴조기 단계에 있는 것으로 나타나고 있으며, 미국 및 유럽특허에서는 대체적으로 출원인수와 특허건수가 감소하는 퇴조기 양상으로. 분석 되었다. 따라서 자화육각수를 활용하는 사업에서는 특허 권리차원에서 한국과 일본특허의 출원 동향을 지속적으로 관찰 할 필요가 있으며, 그리고 현재 자화육각수기술은 사업전략구상과 산업지원정책수립이 필요한 단계에 있다. 따라서 향후 자화육각수관련 제품의 연구개발이 다수 예상됨에 따라 관련제조업체나 연구기관에서는 사업화와 특허연구에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2010년도 제39회 하계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.285-285
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• 2010

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a direct band gap semiconductor with 3.37 eV, which has in a hexagonal wurtzite structure. ZnO is a good candidate for a photocatalyst because it has physical and chemical stability, high oxidative properties, and absorbs of ultraviolet light. During ZnO is irradiated by UV light, redox (reduction and oxidation) reactions will occur on the ZnO surface, generating the radicals O2- and OH. These two powerful oxidizing agents have been proven to be effective in decomposition of harmful organic materials, converting them into CO2 and H2O. Therefore, we assume that oxygen on the surface of ZnO is a very important factor in the photocatalytic activities of ZnO nanoparticles. Recently, ZnO nanoparticles are studied in various application fields by many researchers. Photocatalyst research is progressing much in various application fields. But the ZnO nanoparticles have disadvantage that is unstable in water in comparison titanium dioxide (TiO2). The Zn(OH)2 was formed at the ZnO surface and ZnO become inactive as a photocatalyst when ZnO is present in the solution. Therefore, we prepared synthesized ZnO nanoaprticles that were immersed in the water and dried in the oven. After that, we measured photocatalytic activities of prepared samples and find the cause of their phtocatalytic activity changes. The characterization of ZnO nanoparticles were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET test. Also we defined the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles using UV-VIS Spectroscopy. And we explained changing of photocatalytic activity after the water treatment using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.187-192
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• 2011

Photoelectrochemical performances of ZnO electrodes are enhanced by coupling with cobalt-based catalyst (CoPi) in phosphate electrolyte (pH 7). For this study, hexagonal pillar-shaped ZnO nanorods are grown on ZnO electrodes through a chemical bath deposition, onto which CoPi is deposited with different photodeposition times (10-30 min). A scanning electron microscopic study indicates that CoPi deposition does not induce any change of ZnO morphology and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis shows that inorganic phosphate ions (Pi) exist on ZnO surface. Bare ZnO electrodes generate the current of ca. $0.36mA/cm^2$ at a bias potential of 0.5 V vs. SCE, whereas ZnO/CoPi (deposited for 10 min) has ca. 50%-enhanced current ($0.54mW/cm^2$) under irradiation of AM 1.5G-light ($400mW/cm^2$). The excess loading of CoPi on ZnO results in decrease of photocurrents as compared to bare ZnO likely due to limited electrolyte access to ZnO and/or CoPi-mediated recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. The primary role of CoPi is speculated to trap the photogenerated holes and thereby oxidize water into molecular oxygen via an intervalency cycle among Co(II), Co(III), and Co(IV).

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.272.2-272.2
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• 2016

Copper-Tin (CuSn) thin films were synthsized by rf magnetron co-sputtering method with pure Cu and Sn metal targets with various rf powers and sputtering times. The obtained CuSn thin films were characterized by a surface profiler (alpha step), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), and contact angle measurement. The deposition rates were calculated by the thickness of CuSn thin films and sputtering times. We observed hexagonal Cu20Sn6 and cubic Cu39Sn11 phases from the films by XRD measurement. From the survey XPS spectra, the Cu and Sn main peaks were observed. Therefore, we could conclude CuSn thin films were successfully fabricated on the substrate in this study. The changes of oxidation states and chemical environment of the films were investigated with high resolution XPS spectra in the regions of Cu 2p, Cu LMM, and Sn 3d. Surface free energy (SFE) and wettability of the CuSn thin films were studied with distilled water (DW) and ethylene glycol (EG) using the contact angle measurement. The total SFE of CuSn thin films decreased as rf power on Cu target increased. The contribution to the total SFE of dispersive SFE was relatively superior to polar SFE.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.141-154
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• 2006

A solid-state reaction of $V_2O_5$ with AlMCM-41 followed by calcinations generated $V^{5+}$ species in the mesoporous materials. Dehydration results in the formation of a vanadyl species, $VO^{2+}$, that can be characterized by electron spin resonance (ESR). The chemical environment of the vanadium centers in V-AlMCM-41 was investigated by XRD, EDX, diffuse reflectance UV-VIS, ESR, $^{29}Si,\;^{27}Al,\;and\;^{51}V$ NMR. It was found that the vanadium species on the wall surface and inside the wall of the hexagonal tubular wall of the V-AlMCM-41 were completely oxidized to tetrahedral $V^{5+}$ and transformed to square pyramidal by additional coordination to water molecules upon hydration. The oxidized $V^{5+}$ species on the wall surfaces and inside the wall were also reversibly reduced to $VO^{2+}$ species or lower valences by thermal process.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2002

Phase behavior of a PEO-PPO-PEO (Pluronic P103) triblock copolymer in water is investigated using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheology. Pluronic P103 shows apparent two gel states in different temperature regions. The first sol-to-gel transition at a lower temperature (i.e., the hard gel I state) turns out to be the hexagonal microphase as evidenced by the combined SANS and SAXS and the frequency dependence of both G′ and G" in rheology. In contrast to the hard gel I, the second sol-to-gel transition (i. e., the hard gel II state) at a higher temperature represents the block copolymer micelles in somewhat disordered state rather than the ordered state seen in the hard gel I. Moreover, turbidity change depending only on the temperature with four distinct regions is observed and the large aggregates with size larger than 5,000 nm are detected with DLS in the turbid solution region. Based upon the present study, two different gelation mechanisms for aqueous PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer solutions are proposed.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.391-394
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• 2006

Growth characteristics of methane-propane clathrate hydrate, growing under different undercooling conditions, was investigated. After the water within pressurized vessel was fully saturated with guest gas molecules by agitation, medium was rapidly undercooled and maintained at the constant temperature. The growth of hydrate was always Initiated with film formations at the upper bounding surface of liquid pool. The visual observation using microscope revealed detailed features of subsequent crystal nucleation, migration, growth and interference occurring within liquid pool. A number of small crystals ascended and settled at the hydrate film. When undercooling was small $({\Delta}T=3.2K)$, some of the settled crystals slowly grew into faceted columns. As the undercooling increased, the downward growth of crystals underneath the hydrate film became dendritic and occurred with greater rate and with finer arm spacing. The shapes of the floating crystals were diverse and included octahedron and triangular or hexagonal platelet When the undercooling was small, the octahedral crystals were found dominant. As the undercooling increased, the shape of the floating crystals also became dendritic. The detailed characteristics of floating crystals were reported in this study.