• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.951-955
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• 1999

The effects of restricting feed [60% of ad libitum (AL) intake] (FR) or water provided from 0900 h to 1600 h, daily) (WR) or both (FWR) from 14 to 42 days of age on heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) response and performance in broiler chickens under the hot humid tropical conditions were determined. Feed and/or water limitation retarded growth, but had no adverse effect on overall feed conversion ratio and survivability. The trend for total feed and water consumption was similar to body weight pattern with AL>WR>FR>FWR. The nutritional regimens had significant effect on overall water:feed ratios with FR>(AL=WR)>FWR. Restriction of feed and/or water resulted in marked elevation of H/L ratios. As measured by H/L ratios, the effect of adapting to FR dissipated between 16 to 21 days after the onset of feed restriction. The H/L ratios of WR and FWR birds remained elevated throughout the duration of the experiment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1657-1661
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• 2015

Newborn chicks are susceptible to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus probiotic isolated from chicken feces on heterophil phagocytosis in broiler chicks. A total of 150 newborn broiler chicks were divided into 5 groups (30 chicks per group) as follows: group 1 (normal control), given feed and water only, group 2 (positive control) given feed, water and SE infection, group 3 (L61 treated) given feed, water, SE infection followed by Lactobacillus salivarius L61 treatment, group 4 (L55 treated) given feed, water, SE infection followed by L. salivarius L55 treatment, and group 5 given feed, water, SE infection followed by L. salivarius L61 + L55 combination treatment. After SE infection, L. salivarius treatment lasted for 7 days. The results showed that L. salivarius L61 and L. salivarius L55 treatment, either alone or combination of both, increased the survival rate after SE infection, and upregulated heterophil phagocytosis and phagocytic index (PI). Conversely, chick groups treated with Lactobacillus showed lower SE recovery rate from cecal tonsils than that of the positive control group. The PI values of the chicken group with SE infection, followed by the combination of L. salivarius L61 and L. salivarius L55 were the highest as compared to either positive control or normal control group. Two Lactobacillus strains supplementation group showed significantly (p<0.05) higher PI value at 48 h than 24 h after treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1545-1549
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• 2003

Broiler chickens were subjected to (i) pre-treatment for 24 h with 1,200 ppm L-ascorbic acid in their drinking water on day 42 (AA), (ii) 60% feed restriction on days 4, 5 and 6 (FR), (iii) combination of AA and FR (AAFR), or (iv) neither treatment (control). On day 43, the birds were crated and transported in an open truck for either 60 min or 120 min. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratios (HLR) were determined prior to ($T_0$) and 20 h following the 60 min ($T_60$) and 120 min ($T_120$) journeys. Prior to transportation, all treatment groups had similar HLR. Following $T_60$, the AAFR chicks had smaller increase in HLR than their control, AA and FR counterparts. The AA, FR and AAFR birds exhibited lower HLR than controls following $T_120$. The means HLR of AA, FR and AAFR did not differ significantly. Irrespective of journey time, AA and AAFR birds had shorter tonic immobility duration than their FR and control counterparts. The tonic immobility duration of all birds increased with journey duration.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2022

본 연구는 토종실용닭 암수 간의 생산 특성 및 생리적 특성을 비교하고자 이들의 산육 능력, 강건성 및 스트레스 반응 정도를 살펴보았다. 시험은 토종실용닭 암컷 608수와 수컷 479수를 대상으로 1일령부터 12주간 실시하였다. 산육 능력의 평가는 체중, 사료 섭취량, 사료요구율을 조사하였고, 강건성 및 스트레스 반응 정도의 측정은 생존율, 텔로미어 함유율, DNA 손상률, heterophil-lymphocyte 비율, HSP-70, HSP-90α 및 HSP-90β 유전자 발현율을 분석하였다. 시험 결과, 암수 간의 체중은 2주령부터 시험 종료 시까지 수컷이 암컷보다 유의하게 높았고(P<0.01), 사료 이용성은 시험 전기간 수컷이 암컷보다 많은 사료를 섭취한 반면 낮은 사료요구율을 보였다. 시험 전 기간 생존율은 암컷이 82.8%, 수컷이 73.8%로 암컷이 수컷보다 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 스트레스 반응 지표 분석 결과, 텔로미어 함유율, DNA 손상률, heterophil-lymphocyte 비율 및 HSP 유전자 발현율 모두에서 암컷과 수컷 간의 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때, 토종실용닭 암수 간의 산육 능력과 생존율의 차이는 있으나 스트레스 반응 정도의 차이는 없는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 토종실용닭의 생산성 측면에서 암수의 생리적 특성과 무관하게 암컷과 수컷을 분리하여 사육하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.256-260
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• 2012

The objectives of this study were to investigate the immune responses of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with different level of chromium methionine (CrMet) in heat stress (HS) condition. Two hundred and eighty eight male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were allocated to four treatment groups (supplementation with 0, 200, 400 or 800 ppb Cr in the form of CrMet) in a completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted at heat stressed condition and all birds were kept under temperature of $33{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. Antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (H/L), and concentration of plasma cortisol (CPC) were measured at 21 and 42 d. At 42 days of age two birds were chosen randomly from each replicate, slaughtered, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were collected, weighed and expressed as a percentage of live body weight. Antibody titers against NDV and IBV at 21 and 42 days of age in broiler fed supplemental CrMet were higher than in broiler chickens fed control diet (p<0.05). CPC level in broiler chickens fed CrMet were significantly (p<0.05) decreased. Increases in lymphocyte counts and consequently a decrease in heterophil to lymphocyte ratios in broiler chickens fed 800 ppb Cr were observed at 21 and 42 d. Supplementation with CrMet had no significant effect on lymphoid organs of broilers. The results suggest that dietary CrMet supplementation at a level of 800 ppb can improve some immune responses of broiler chickens under heat stress conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of propolis extraction residue in the feed of broilers from 1 to 21 d of age on phagocytic activity of macrophages, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin, antibody production against Newcastle disease, lymphoid organ weight and hematological profile and to determine the optimal level of inclusion. 120 chicks, reared in metabolism cages until 21 days of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of propolis residue) and six replications. The relative weight of thymus and monocyte percentage were affected by propolis residue, with a quadratic response (p<0.05) and lowest values estimated at 2.38% and 2.49%, respectively. Changes in relative weight of cloacal bursa and spleen, percentage of lymphocyte, heterophil, basophil, eosinophil, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, antibody production against Newcastle disease, phagocytic activity of macrophages and the average number of phagocytosed erythrocytes were not observed. The nitric oxide production with regard to positive control (macrophages+erythrocytes) decreased linearly (p<0.05) with increased doses of propolis residue. The remaining variables of nitric oxide production (negative control - macrophages, and difference between the controls) were not affected by propolis residue. The cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response to phytohemagglutinin as determined by the increase in interdigital skin thickness exhibited a quadratic response (p<0.05), which predicted a lower reaction response at a dose of 2.60% of propolis residue and highest reaction response after 43.05 hours of phytohemagglutinin injection. The inclusion of 1% to 4% of propolis extraction residue in broiler diets from 1 to 21 days of age was not able to improve the immune parameters, despite the modest changes in the relative weight in thymus, blood monocyte percentage, nitric oxide concentration, and interdigital reaction to phytohemagglutinin.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.181-188
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• 1997

닭에 있어서 닭와포자충 갉염이 면역반응에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위한 기초적 연구리 일환으로 파브리시우스낭의 병리조직학적 소견을 경시적으로 조사하고자 150마리의 2일령 SPF 병아리 (Drkalb-Warren, Sex-Sal-Link)에 닭와포자충의 오오시스트 $5{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$를 한 번에 경구투여하였타. 분변 속의 오오시스트 배설양상은 정상적이었으며. 파브리시우스낭 지수는 전 실험기간에 걸쳐 거의 변동이 없얹다 많은 수의 원충체가 접종 후 4-16일에 이 낭상피의 미세융또 가장자리에서 관찰되었으며 많은 수의 비만세포가 출현한 다음 원충체가 급격하게 소실하염다. 원충체의 분포상황과 상피 및 인접점막 고유층의 위호산구 침윤은 일치하였다. 이 병소는 상피. 인접 점막고유층의 위호산구 침율과 점만상피 증식을 동반한 미만성 만성 표재성 화농성 파브리시우스낭영의 병리조직학적 소견이었다 이러한 파브리시우스낭염은 면역억제를 유발할 건으로 생각된다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the antibiotic effects of bee venom (Apis mellifera) on the growth performance and blood characteristics in broiler chicken. 1-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups with 3 replicates of 5,000 birds each. The treatments were control without antibiotic and bee venom, 0.5ppm or 1ppm bee venom. The final body weight and body weight gain were significantly higher in bee venom than control (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in all treated groups were significantly improved as compared to that of control (P<0.05). No significant differences among the groups were observed in the contents of total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein, albumin and globulin in blood serum. The white blood cell, red blood cell, heterophil, lymphocyte, and stress indicator (heterophil:lymphocyte rate) were not significantly different among the groups. The superoxide dismutase-like activities in the groups that were water containing bee venom were significantly increased compared to those in the control group (P<0.05). It has been suggested that bee venom promotes the growth of broilers without any negative effect when added in broiler water.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.207-216
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 사료 내 복합 유기산제의 첨가급여가 육계 생산성, 맹장 미생물 균총, 혈액 특성 및 면역 활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고 이를 통해 유기산의 성장촉진용 항생제 대체 가능성을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 1일령 육계 수평아리(Ross$\times$Ross 308) 480수를 공시하여 4처리, 4반복, 반복당 30수씩 배치하여 5주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험구는 항생제 무첨가구, 항생제 첨가구(virginiamycin 10 ppm＋salinomycin 60 ppm)를 대조구로 하였으며, 시험사료에 유기산을 0.3% 및 0.5% 첨가하여 유기산 처리구를 두었다. 5주 종료체중, 증체량에 있어서 유기산 0.5% 처리구가 무항생제 처리구에 비해 유의하게 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 유기산 첨가 급여시 무항생제 처리구에 비해 사료 요구율이 유의하게 개선되었다(P<0.05). 도체율 및 조직의 상대적 중량에서는 처리구간 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 소장 중량 및 길이는 항생제 첨가구가 다른 처리구에 비해 유의하게 감소하였으나(P<0.05), 유기산 처리구와 항생제 무첨가구간에는 차이가 없었다. 맹장 내 미생물 균총에 있어서 대조구인 항생제 첨가구와 유기산 처리구에서 맹장내 Coliform bacteria 및 Salmonella가 유의하게 감소하였으며 유산균에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 혈액 내 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, BUN, AST 및 ALT에 있어서는 통계적 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. Total protein 및 globulin 수치에 있어서는 항생제 첨가구 및 유기산 처리구가 항생제 무첨가구에 비해 유의하게 감소하였으며(P<0.05), albumin 수치에서는 차이가 없었다. 이로인해 항생제 첨가구 및 유기산 처리구의 혈청 내 albumin : globulin 비율이 항생제 무첨가구에 비해 유의하게 증가하는 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). WBC, heterophil, lymphocyte 및 스트레스 지표인 heterophil:lymphocyte 비율에 있어서 처리구간 차이가 관찰되지 않았으며, 비장 조직내 IL-2 및 IL-6 mRNA의 발현양상에 있어서도 유기산 첨가급여에 따른 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 결론적으로 복합 유기산제의 육계 사료 내 첨가급여는 육계 생산성을 향상시키고, 유해균의 성장 및 증식을 억제하여 장내 미생물 균총의 안정화에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 한편, 조직 발달 및 혈액 성상에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.751-754
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• 1998

Heterophil (H) to lymphocyte (L) ratios and durations of tonic immobility (TI) were measured to assess stress and fear responses, respectively, in broiler chickens provided either 12 h of natural lighting (12L) or 12 h natural lighting and 12 h of supplementary lighting (24L). Birds illuminated 24L had greater H/L ratios and TI durations than their 12L counterparts. Neither age, sex nor cage level had significant effect on TI reactions.