• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.899-916
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is a fundamental neurodegenerative disease trigger that damages and decimates nerve cells. Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic central nervous system disorders that progress and result from neuronal degradation and loss. Recent studies have extensively focused on neurodegenerative disease treatment and prevention using dietary compounds. Heseperetin is an aglycone hesperidin form with various physiological activities, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antitumor. However, few studies have considered hesperetin's neuroprotective effects and mechanisms; thus, our study investigated this in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-treated SH-SY5Y cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: SH-SY5Y cells were treated with H₂O₂ (400 µM) in hesperetin absence or presence (10-40 µM) for 24 h. Three-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays detected cell viability, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining allowed us to observe nuclear morphology changes such as chromatin condensation and apoptotic nuclei. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assays measured intracellular ROS production; Griess reaction assays assessed nitric oxide (NO) production. Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reactions quantified corresponding mRNA and proteins. RESULTS: Subsequent experiments utilized various non-toxic hesperetin concentrations, establishing that hesperetin notably decreased intracellular ROS and NO production in H₂O₂-treated SH-SY5Y cells (P < 0.05). Furthermore, hesperetin inhibited H₂O₂-induced inflammation-related gene expression, including interluekin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 activation. In addition, hesperetin inhibited NF-κB translocation into H₂O₂-treated SH-SY5Y cell nuclei and suppressed mitogen-activated protein kinase protein expression, an essential apoptotic cell death regulator. Various apoptosis hallmarks, including shrinkage and nuclear condensation in H₂O₂-treated cells, were suppressed dose-dependently. Additionally, hesperetin treatment down-regulated Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratios and activated AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin autophagy pathways. CONCLUSION: These results substantiate that hesperetin activates autophagy and inhibits apoptosis and inflammation. Hesperetin is a potentially potent dietary agent that reduces neurodegenerative disease onset, progression, and prevention.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.235-246
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• 2023

Yellowball (Citrus hybrid cv. Yellowball ) is a new citrus hybrid between Haruka (C. tamurana × natsudaidai ) and Kiyomi (C. unshiu × sinensis) and is known to possess strong antioxidant activity. However, detailed information on the antioxidant components of its peel has not yet been reported. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the peel and identified the antioxidant components by fractionating a methanolic extract of Yellowball peels using liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane, ethyl ether (ether), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol, and water. The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the n-hexane, ether, and EA fractions were higher than those of the other fractions, and these fractions were further separated by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four antioxidant peaks, EA1, EA2, EA3, and He1, were isolated and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time- of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS). Sinapoyl glucoside and hesperidin were identified in EA2 and EA3, respectively, and a polymethoxylated flavone (PMF) complex (5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, natsudaidain, tetrameth- oxyflavone, and tangeretin) was identified in He1. A compound in EA1 with m/z 223.0246 [M-H] could not be identified and was named unknown2. The antioxidant activity of unknown2 (IC₅₀=69.17 ㎍/mL) was similar to that of Trolox, which was noted as a major antioxidant in Yellowball peel. Further studies on the antioxidant capacity of Yellowball peel are required; however, these results provide a foundation for using Yellowball peel as an antioxidant.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.1134-1141
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• 2002

염증성 cytokines의 분비 또는 혈관손상으로 인한 백혈구의 adhesion과 transmigration을 통하여 죽상경화과정이 시발되는데, 본 연구에서는 이러한 죽상경화의 초기과정에서 플라보노이드가 억제작용을 발휘하는 지를 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 화학적인 구조가 서로 다른 플라보노이드를 사용하여 화학적인 구조와 항동맥경화작용과의 상관성을 착인하였다. TNF-$\alpha$는 혈관내피세포를 활성화시켜 THP-1 단핵구의 adhesion을 유의적으로 증가시켰다. 여러형태의 플라보노이드를 전처리하고 TNF-$\alpha$를 가하여 혈관내피세포를 활성화 시 켰을 때, flavonols인 quercetin과 flavones의 luteolin과 apigenin은 THP-1 단핵구의 adhesion억제효과를 보여주었다. 그러나, catechins과 flavanones의 플라보노이드는 이러한 억제효과를 전혀 보여주지 못하였다. 이러한 adhesion 억제작용을 가지는 플라보노이드는 CAMs 단백질의 발현도 차단시킨다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Quercetin, luteolin과 apigenin은 TNF-$\alpha$에 의하여 증가된 VCAM-1, ICAM-1 및 E-selectin의 단백질 발현을 일률적으로 감소 또는 차단시켰다. 그 대신, 단핵구의 adhesion을 차단시키지 못한 (-)epigallo-catechin gallate와 (+)catechin은 TNF-$\alpha$에 의한 이러한 CAMs의 발현을 전혀 억제시키지 못하였다. 또한 quercetin, luteolin과 apigenin의 CAMs단백질 발현 억제작용은 유전자 전사단계에서 mRNA의 down-regulation으로 인하여 나타난다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 quercetin, luteolin, apigenin과 같은 플라보노이드는 TNF-$\alpha$와 같은 염증성 cytokines에 의한 단핵구의 adhesion을 혈관내피세포의 CAMs 단백질 발현을 억제하므로서 차단시킨다는 것이 확인되었다. 여기서 모든 플라보노이드가 이러한 활성을 다 지니고 있지 않아서 화학적인 구조와 초기 항동맥경화작용에는 서로 연관성이 있다는 것이 제시되었다. 또한, 선별된 플라보노이드의 초기 항동맥경화작용은 활성산소를 소거하는 플라보노이드의 항산화능과는 무관한 것 같다고 할 수 있다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.328-337
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• 2012

In order to investigate anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-obesity activities of Samchulkunbi-tang (SCT; Shen zhu jian pi-tang) water and 70% ethanol (EtOH) extracts, in vitro inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ $PGE_2$), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and regulated on activation of normal T-cell-expressed and -secreted (RANTES/CCL5) production in TNF-${\alpha}$/interferon-${\gamma}$-stimulated HaCaT and BEAS-2B cells as well as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and leptin production in 3T3-L1 cells were determined. A HPLC was used for quantification of the seven marker components (albiflorin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin, poncirin and glycyrrhizin) of SCT water and 70% EtOH extracts. SCT showed inhibitory effects against MDC and RANTES production in HaCaT cells, as well as RANTES production in BEAS-2B cells. In addition, SCT reduced not only NO, $PGE_2$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in RAW 264.7 cells, but also GPDH activity and leptin production in 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, the biological activities and the contents of six compounds (except paeoniflorin) were higher in 70% EtOH extract than water extract. These results suggest that SCT has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-obesity activities. These efficacies of 70% EtOH extract are relatively higher than that of water extract.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.827-836
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• 2014

서구화된 식습관의 변화와 편리한 생활에 따른 운동 부족, 유전적 요인, 심리적 요인 등이 복잡하게 얽히면서 비만이 꾸준히 증가하는 추세이다. 한편, 감귤류에는 carotenoid, coumarin, phenylpropanoid, limonoid 등 60여종의 생리활성 물질이 함유되어 있으며 감귤박에는 bioflavonoid, carotenoid, hesperidin, terpenes 등이 풍부하게 함유되어 있다. 감귤박은 항산화 효과, 고혈압 예방, 혈중 LDL 콜레스테롤 함량 감소 효과 등이 있음이 보고되어 있고 최근 들어 감귤박의 비만을 억제하는 효능이 밝혀져 항비만 효과가 입증되었다. 본 연구에서는 고지방식으로 유도한 비만모델 ICR 생쥐에서 Aspergillus oryzae로 발효한 감귤박의 증강된 항비만 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 항비만 효과를 확인하기 위해 생쥐의 체중변화와 조직의 무게변화를 관찰하였고, 그룹별 혈청 지질 농도, 간 지질농도 및 동맥경화지수를 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 고지방식이 투여군(HFD)에 비해 감귤박 추출물 투여군(CP)과 감귤박 발효 추출물 투여군(CPA)은 체중 증가량과 증체율이 감소하였고, 혈청과 간의 total cholesterol (TG), triglyceride (TC) 함량이 현저히 감소하였다. 한편, 유익한 cholesterol로 알려진 high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) 함량은 일반식이 투여군(NFD)과 CPA 투여군이 비슷하였다. CP 투여군과 CPA 투여군의 조직 무게에서도 HFD 투여군보다 감소하여, 전체적으로 CPA 투여군에서 특히 유의적으로 감소하였다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2012

Objectives : This study evaluated activities and ingredient contents concerning extracts according to extraction solvents of Insampaedok-san (IS, Renshen bai du-san). Methods : The herbal constituents of IS were extracted with water and 70% ethanol at $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr. Using the HPLC system, the six ingredient contents of different solvent extracts of IS were analyzed. The nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production and proinflammatory cytokines were measured in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and regulated on activation normal T-cell expression and secreted (RANTES/CCL5) production were measured in HaCaT and BEAS-2B cells stimulated tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$). The activities of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and leptin level were measured in 3T3-L1 cells. Results : The calibration curves showed good linearity ($r^2$=1.0000) for different concentration ranges. The contents of liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperirin and glycyrrizin in 70% ethanol extracts of IS were relatively higher than that of water extract, however the content of ferulic acid in 70% ethanol and water extract of IS were similar. The extraction solvents of water and 70% ethanol were evaluated inhibitory effect on the production of NO, $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. Their extractions were inhibitory effect on production of MDC/CCL22 and RANTES/CCL5 in HaCaT cell and BEAS-2B cell, respectively. In addition, evaluated reduced on GPDH activity and leptin level in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell. Conclusions : Our results suggest that IS extracts were inhibitory effects of disease such as inflammation, allergies and obesity.