• 생약학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 1984

The investigation was aimed to study the effect of ginseng ethanol extract on the hepatic ethanol-metabolizing enzyme activity in vivo. The extract (100mg/kg/day) was administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats for $7{\sim}10$ days and their microsomal ethanol oxidizing system(MEOS) and catalase activities were measured. The MEOS activity in the rat treated with the extract was not significantly different from that of the normal group. Microsomal fraction containing MEOS was separated and the MEOS activity was measured after preincubation for 5, 60 and 180 min, respectively. There were no significant differences in MEOS activities between the normal and treated groups preincubated for 5, 60 and 180 min. The activity in the rat treated with single i.p. injection of 95% $CCl_4$ (0.5ml/kg) was decreased by 48%, compared to the normal group and in the rat treated with the extract (100mg/kg) for $7{\sim}10$ days, the decrease of the MEOS activity was potentiated. Catalase activity in the rat treated with the extract (100mg/kg) was similar to that obtained from the normal group.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1993년도 학술대회지
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• pp.30-32
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• 1993

In biological system, there are enzymes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase and glutathione(GSH) peroxidase which scavenge reactive oxygen species as well as antioxidants such as ceruloplasmin, albumin and nonprotein-bound SH including GSH related to defense mechanism. In the present study, the protective effects of ginsenoside $Rb_2$ against oxidative stress were investigated in the SAM-R/1 mice. Treatment with ginsenoside $Rb_2$ significantly increased Cu, Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD in the liver. Ginsenoside $Rb_2$ tended to increase hepatic catalase activity and significantly increased serum albumin and nonprotein-bound SH levels in the liver. But treatment with ginsenoside $Rb_2$ showed a significant decrease in hepatic malondialdehyde(MDA) levels compared to control group. Furthermore, we compared the effects in the hepatic SOD, MDA and serum albumin. These findings suggest that the increase of antioxidants by ginsenoside $Rb_2$ results in the protective effects against reactive oxygen species.

• 생약학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.280-285
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• 1997

Pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2), isolated from marine sponges, was examined for its hepatotoxic potential using male ICR mice. PTX2 $(20\;or\;100\;{\mu}g/kg/day,\;ip)$ was administered to mice repeatedly for one or two week. Histopathological examination revealed an increase in granularity in the liver from the mice treated with PTX2. PTX2 did not alter the parameters for hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity such as sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Cytochrome P-450, cytochrome $b_5$, or NADPH cytochrome c reductase was net changed by repeated administration of PTX2. Hepatic microsomal activity of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase, but not aminopyrine N-demethylase, was slightly depressed by PTX2 administerd repeatedly $(100\;{\mu}g/kg/day,\;ip)$ fur 2 weeks. The toxicity of PTX2 $(200\;{\mu}g/kg/day,\;ip)$ was determined in mice pretreated with a metabolic inducer or inhibitor such as phenobarbital, 3-methyl-cholanthrene, $CoCl_2$, or SKF 525-A. Significant alterations in lethality and hepatotoxicity of PTX2 were observed in mice pretreated with a metabolic modulator. The results suggest that liver seems to be the target organ for PTX2 toxicity and also that induction of the PTX2 toxicity may be associated with hepatic drug metabolizing activity.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.645-671
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• 2021

Objectives: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is strongly related with central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), hyperglycemia, and hypertension. This study reviewed the potential of Chenpi in treatment of MetS through amelioration of co-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation. Methods: Six electronic databases (Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS), Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), PubMed, and Embase) were used to search for in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research that discusses the potential effects of Chenpi (Citrus unshiu Markovich, Citrus reticulata Blanco) on diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation. Results: This review suggests the potential of Chenpi as a candidate for the treatment of metabolic syndrome through improvement of co-related diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation. However, comparison of the results of each study was limited by a lack of quantification of the experimental materials.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.214-219
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• 1996

This study was done to investigate effects of n-s fatty acids and vitamin E supplement on the preneoplastic hepatic enzyme altered foci and cholesterol metabolism in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis system. Weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the diet containing either 15% corn oil(CO) or sardine oil(SO) with or without vitamin E 800IU supplementation for 12 weeks. After two weeks of feeding, rats were intraper-itoneally injected with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine(DEN:200mg/kg, BW). At the 4th week, rats were given the diet containing 0.02% acetylaminofluorene(AAF) for next 4 weeks. At the 6th Week, 0.05% pheno-barbital was incorporated into diet for 6 weeks. At the end of 12th week, rats were sacrificed and hepatic glutathions S-transferase placental form positive(GST_{TEX}$P^{+}${/TEX}) foci and serum and liver cholesterol levels were determined. GST_{TEX}$P^{+}${/TEX} formation was significantly decreased by SO feeding when compared with Co feeding but it tended to be enhanced by vitamin E supplementation. Histopathological changes were similar to patterns of GST_{TEX}$P^{+}${/TEX} formation in almost all dietary groups. Serum and hepatic cholesterol levels of SO fed groups were significantly lower than those of CO fed groups. Carcinogen treatments significantly increased serum and liver cholesterol levels in CO fed groups but not in SO fed groups. Correlation data showed a positive correlation(${\gamma}$=0.83, p<0.01) between serum cholesterol level GST_{TEX}$P^{+}${/TEX} foci area. These results indicate that sardine oil as a m-3 fatty acid source may have a reducing effect in rat hepatocarcinogenesis by the altheration of cholesterol metabolism.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2016

Sulfasalzine is a widely administered drug against inflammatory-based disorders in human. However several cases of liver injury are associated with its administration. There is no stabilized safe protective agent against sulfasalazine-induced liver injury. Current investigation was designed to evaluate if N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and dithioteritol (DTT) as thiol reducing agents and/or vitamins C and E as antioxidants have any protective effects against sulfasalazine-induced hepatic injury in an ex vivo model of isolated rat liver. Rat liver was canulated and perfused via portal vein in a closed recirculating system. Different concentrations of sulfasalazine and/or thiol reductants and antioxidants were administered and markers of organ injury were monitored at different time intervals. It was found that 5 mM of sulfasalazine caused marked liver injury as judged by rise in liver perfusate level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p < 0.05). A significant amount of lipid peroxidation and hepatic glutathione depletion were detected in drug-treated livers, accompanied with significant histopathological changes of the organ. Administration of NAC ($500{\mu}M$), DTT (${400\mu}M$), Vitamin C ($200{\mu}M$), or vitamin E ($200{\mu}M$) significantly alleviated sulfasalazine-induced hepatic injury in isolated perfused rat liver. The data obtained from current investigation indicate potential therapeutic properties of thiol reductants and antioxidants against sulfasalazine-induced liver injury.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.211-214
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• 2015

The primary and secondary survey was designed to identify all of a patient's injuries and prioritize their management. However 15 to 22.3% of patient with missed injuries had clinically significant missed injuries. To reduce missed injury, special attention should be focused on patients with severe anatomical injury or obtunded. Victims of blunt trauma commonly had multiple system involvement. Some reports indicate that inexperience, breakdown of estalished protocol, clinical error, and restriction of imaging studies may be responsible for presence of missed injury. The best way of reducing clinical significant of missed injuries was repeated clinical assessment. Here we report a case of severe blunt hepatic injury patient and pericardial injury that was missed in primary and secondary survey. After damage control surgery of hepatic injury, she remained hemodynamically unstable. Further investigation found cardiac tamponade during intensive care. This was managed by pericardial window operation through previous abdominal incision and abdominal wound closure was performed.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2015

Acute graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) is characterized by selective damage to the liver, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract. Following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, donor bone marrow (BM) cells repopulate the immune system of the recipient. We previously demonstrated that the acute intestinal GVHD (iGVHD) mortality rate was higher in MyD88-deficient BM recipients than that in the control BM recipients. In the present study, the role of MyD88 (expressed by donor BM) in the pathophysiology of hepatic GVHD (hGVHD) was examined. Unlike iGVHD, transplantation with MyD88-deficient T-cell depleted (TCD) BM attenuated hGVHD severity and was associated with low infiltration of T cells into the liver of the recipients. Moreover, GVHD hosts, transplanted with MyD88-deficient TCD BM, exhibited markedly reduced expansion of $CD11b^+Gr-1^+$ myeloidderived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the liver. Adoptive injection of the MDSC from wild type mice, but not MyD88-deficient mice, enhanced hepatic T cell infiltration in the MyD88-deficient TCD BM recipients. Pre-treatment of BM donors with LPS increased MDSC levels in the liver of allogeneic wild type BM recipients. In conclusion, hGVHD and iGVHD may occur through various mechanisms based on the presence of MyD88 in the non-T cell compartment of the allograft.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.316-325
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• 2017

Background: Ginseng essence (GE) is a formulation comprising four medicinal and edible herbs including ginseng (Panax ginseng), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera), and lily bulb (Lilium longiflorum). This study was aimed at investigating the hepatoprotective effect of GE against carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury in rats. Methods: We treated Wistar rats daily with low, medium, and high [0.625 g/kg body weight (bw), 1.25 g/kg bw, and 3.125 g/kg bw, respectively] doses of GE for 9 wk. After the 1st wk of treatment, rats were administered 20% $CCl_4$ (1.5 mL/kg bw) two times a week to induce liver damage until the treatment ended. Results: Serum biochemical analysis indicated that GE ameliorated the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and albumin decline in $CCl_4$-treated rats. Moreover, $CCl_4$-induced accumulation of hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride was inhibited. The hepatoprotective effects of GE involved enhancing the hepatic antioxidant defense system including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. In addition, histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining showed that GE inhibited $CCl_4$-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of alpha-smooth muscle actin indicated that $CCl_4$-triggered activation of hepatic stellate cells was reduced. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that GE improves $CCl_4$-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis by attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, GE could be a promising hepatoprotective herbal formulation for future development of phytotherapy.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.346-351
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• 2004

This study was carried out to examine the antioxidant effects of a mixture of mulberry leaves and silkworm powder in plasma and liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were used and their diets were supplemented with $0.4\%$ (4 g/kg) of the mixtures. Experimental groups were diabetic rats without supplements (DM group) or with a combination of the supplements: $100\%$ mulberry leaves (M group), $25\%$ silkworm powder mixed with mulberry leaves (25SM group), $50\%$ silkworm powder mixed with mulberry leaves (50SM group), $75\%$ silkworm powder mixed with mulberry leaves (75SM group) or $100\%$ silkworm powder (100S group). The rats were fed experimental diets and water ad libitum. All animals were injected with streptozotocin at the $3^{rd}$ week for inducing diabetes and were sacrificed on $9^{th}$ day thereafter. Hepatic xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity significantly decreased in the mixture supplemented groups compared to the DM group. Hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was not significantly different among any of the experimental groups, but glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity increased in the mixture supplemented groups compared to the DM group. In particular, it was the highest in the 50SM group. The hepatic TBARS values were lower in all the mixture supplemented groups than in the DM group, and it was as lowest when ratio of mulberry leaves to silkworm powder was highest. Hepatic lipofuscin contents were similar with the TBARS value. In conclusion, the mixtures containing silkworm powder reduced oxidative damage by strengtbening the antioxidative system and suppressing oxidative stress in the STZ-induced diabetic rat. The 1:1 blend of silkworm powder and mulberry leaves was the most effective combination for antioxidant activity.