• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.639-647
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• 1997

The effect of excess L-ascorbic acid(AsA) in blood, liver lipid levels and peroxidation status were investigate . Ten Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 150-200g were fed 300mg AsA/100g body weight/day, mixed into ground chow diet, for 4 weeks. And another set of then rats were fed only chow diet as the control. Average body weight gain was slightly lowered by AsA feeding without food intake change. The AsA group showed higher AsA levels in plasma and liver than the control group. In addition, the AsA group showed a higher plasma TBARS value. Liver TBARS seemed to be elevated in the AsA, but not significantly. The hemolysis of red cells tended to increase with excess AsA, accompanied by a raised GSH-Px activity and lowered total GSH levels. Plasma HDL-Chol level was increased while the levels of total Chol, LDL-plus VLDL-Chol , and triglyceride were unchanged . Atherogenic index decreased. Hepatic TG levels were also decreased, but the total amount of Chol increased slightly . Platelet TXA$_2$ production was inhibited by excess AsA feeding. Above results indicafe that oral feeding of excess AsA may be beneficial in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis ; however such practice may be detrimental for tissue lipid peroxidation and weight gain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.192-197
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• 1994

Effect of pine pollen and defatted pine pollen on lipid accumulation and metabolism in serum and liver were investigated with rats fed high fat-supplemented diets for 6 weeks. Concentrations of total lipid and total cholesterol in serum significantly decreased in the experimental groups (treated with pine pollen and defatted pine pollen) compared with the control group. Concentration of triglyceride in serum was remarkably lower than that of control group. This was similar to that of normal group. Concentration of glucose in serum was significantly lower in the experimental group. It was observed from photographs of hepatic tissue in rats that pine pollen inhibits the lipid accumulation induced by high fat diets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 1986

It is now generally accepted that individuals at increased risk for cardiovascular disease may be identified by certain traits or habbits. The factors such as high blood pressure, elevated blood cholestrol, age, sex and obesity are associated with increseaed frequency of disease. The blood cholesterol level lowering will decrease cardiovascular disease risk. The regression of atherosclerosis can be achieved by lowering the level of circulating cholesterol. Those things are connected with the quantity and quality of protein, fats, carbohydrates, especially soluble and non-soluble fiber, magnesium and calcium. The lipoprotein and lipid metabolism are connected with the lipid transport. The factors on lipid absorption and blood serum lipid pattern of human are exist. The factors have a variety of materials with different chemical and physical properties. The soluble fiber diet make a low blood and liver lipids. Many kind of soluble fiber results in a lowering of blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The cholesterol lowering effects of dietery fiber may be a results of alterations of in intestinal handling of fats, hepatic metabolism of fatty acid or triglyceride acid metabolism of lipoprotein. It is investigated that the high density lipoprotein (HDL) is inversely related to coronary artery disease. It has been postulated that HDL may be an important factor in cholesterol efflux from the tissues, therby reducing the amount of cholesterol deposited there. Alternatively, the HDL may pick up cholestyl ester and phospholipid during normal VLDL lipolysis in the plasma. The HDL levels are relatively insensitive to diet. At present time, the cause-and -diet effect of HDL's inverse relation to CHD remains unclear.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.536-540
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• 2001

Hepatic lipid peroxide contents were examined in bromobenzene-treated rats firstly after the oral administration of MeOH extract of Kalopanax pictus stem bark its n-BuOH fraction, EtOAc fraction and an alkaline hydrolysate of the n-BuOH fraction, and secondly after the intraperitoneal administration of hederagenin monodesmosides and bisdesmosides. Two hederagenin monodesmosides, kalopanaxsaponin A (KPS-A) and sapindoside C, exhibited significant anti-lipid peroxidation effects after intraperitoneal administration at doses of $10-30{\;}{\mu}mole/kg$, whereas their bisdesmosides did not exhibit any significant activity. These results suggest that it is the hederagenin monodesmosides that are responsible for anti-lipid peroxidation in vivo. The activity of KPS-A was established by the observation of decreased aminopyrine N-demethylase activity and increased epoxide hydrolase activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.501-509
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• 2012

The dietary intake of whole grains is known to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In our previous study, hog millet (HM, $Panicum$ $miliaceum$ L.) water extract showed the highest anti-lipogenic activity among nine cereal types in 3T3-L1 cells. In this study, the effect of hog millet water extract on hepatic steatosis and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high fat diet was investigated. Mice were fed a normal-fat diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD containing 1% or 2% (w/w) HM for 7 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored during the study period. Insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), fasting lipid profile, hepatic fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression determined, and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IGTT) were performed at the study's end. The results indicated that 1% and 2% HM diets effectively decreased liver weights, blood TG and T-cholesterol levels (p<0.05), while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased (p<0.05) compared to HFD-induced steatotsis mice. Hepatic lipogenic-related gene ($PPAR{\alpha}$, L-FABP, and SCD1) expressions decreased, whereas lipolysis- related gene (CPT1) expression increased in animals fed the 2% PME diet (p<0.05). In addition, mice fed 1% or 2% HM diet had markedly decreased IGTT and HOMA-IR, compared to the those of the HFD-induced hepatic steatosis control group (p<0.05). These results indicated that HM inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating fatty acid metabolism, and suggested that HM is useful in the chemoprevention or treatment of high fat-induced hepatic steatosis and hepatic steatosis-related disorders including hyperlipidemia, glucose sensitivity, and insulin resistance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1215-1226
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity and lipid-lowering effects of extracts of persimmon leaf (PWE), buckwheat leaf (BWE), and chinese matrimony vine leaf (LWE) in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were divided into four groups: HFD (35% fat, w/w), HFD (38.5% fat, w/w) supplemented with PWE (10%, w/w), BWE (10%, w/w), and LWE (10%, w/w) groups. The epididymal, perirenal, and interscapular white adipose tissue (WAT) weights as well as plasma leptin level were lowest in the LWE group. Supplementation with PWE and BWE also tended to lower the perirenal and retroperitonal WAT weights compared to the HFD control group, and there was a significant decrease in plasma leptin concentration. Furthermore, plasma triglyceride concentration, hepatic cholesterol content, and hepatic lipid droplet accumulation were significantly lower in the PWE, BWE, and LWE groups than in the HFD group. BWE supplementation markedly lowered plasma total cholesterol concentration, although there were no significant differences in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration and ratio of HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol among the groups. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly higher in the PWE and LWE groups than in the HFD group, and hepatic ACAT was not changed by extract supplementation. However, supplementation with PWE, BWE, and LWE significantly increased fecal acidic sterol content in rats fed a HFD. These results suggest that supplementation with PWE, BWE, and LWE may be an effective anti-obesity strategy by lowering body fat weight and improving plasma and hepatic lipid profiles in HFD-fed rats.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.216-222
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of feeding mulberry leaf extracts on lipid composition in rats fed high cholesterol diets. An initial 30-person sensory evaluation of preparations containing various concentrations of mulberry leaf extract showed that a preparation containing 9% mulberry leaf extracts was the most highly preferred. In addition, subsidiary materials of pine needle extracts and mugwort extracts were added to weaken the unpleasant smell of mulberry leaf extract A preparation containing 9% mulberry leaf extract with 3% mugwort extract and 7% pine needle extract was given highest preference scores by the 30-person panel. When comparing the functional ingredients contents of the various preparations of mulberry leaf extracts, such as GABA, DNJ and flavonoids, no significant differences were found as a result of adding subsidiary materials (pine needle and mugwort extracts). Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing l00$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal diet group, and to four high cholesterol diet groups containing 1% cholesterol, to elucidate the functionality of the mulberry leaf extract The four high cholesterol diet groups were classified into: a mulberry leaf extract diet group free of subsidiary materials (EB group); a mulberry extract diet group with pine needle extracts (EP group); a mulberry leaf extract diet group with mugwort extracts (EM group); and a control group (HC group). The mulberry leaf extracts were provided as drinking water; the diet and water were fed ad libitum. Hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher, by 279% to 475%, in the high cholesterol groups compared to the normal diet groups, but were significantly lower in the three groups supplied with mulberry leaf extracts, compared with the high cholesterol control. There were no changes in functionality of the mulberry leaf extract preparations due to the addition of subsidiary materials. In conclusion, preparations of mulberry leaf extracts were shown to improve lipid metabolism in rats fed a high cholesterol diet, by reducing hepatic and plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Also human palatability of the mulberry leaf preparation was improved by adding subsidiary materials such as pine needle and mugwort extracts.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.106-113
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• 2010

In this study, we compared corn gluten hydrolyzates, BCAAs, and leucine for their effects on body weight reduction in high fat-induced obese rats in order to determine the major active components in the corn gluten hydrolyzates. After obesity was induced for 13 weeks with high fat diet, the overweight-induced SD rats (n = 64) were stratified according to body weight, randomly blocked into eight treatments, and raised for 8 weeks. Four groups were changed to a normal diet and the other groups remained on the high fat diet. Each of the groups within both diets was fed either casein, corn gluten hydrolyzates, leucine, or branched chain amino acids, respectively. Daily food intake, body weight gain, and food efficiency ratio were significantly lower in the corn gluten hydrolyzate groups compared to the other groups, regardless of the high fat diet or normal fat diet. The rats fed the corn gluten hydrolyzates diet had the lowest perirenal fat pad weights whereas muscle weight was significantly increased in the corn gluten hydrolyzates groups. Plasma triglyceride, hepatic total lipid, and total cholesterol contents were significantly reduced in the corn gluten hydrolyzates groups. Other lipid profile measurements were not significantly changed. Plasma triglyceride and hepatic total lipid were also significantly reduced in the BCAA and leucine groups. Leptin levels were significantly lower and adiponectin was significantly higher in the corn gluten hydrolyzates groups. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR levels were also significantly reduced in the corn gluten hydrozylates groups, regardless of fat level.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2012

Polyphenol-rich grape seeds have a beneficial effect on human health. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of grape seeds on antioxidant activities in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control diet group (C), a high-fat diet group (HF), a 5% grape seed-supplemented control diet group (G), and a 5% grape seed-supplemented high-fat diet group (HG). Dietary supplementation with grape seeds reduced serum concentrations of lipid peroxides compared with those in the C and HF groups. The hepatic level of lipid peroxides decreased significantly in the grape seed groups compared with that in the C and HF groups. Superoxide dismutase activity in the G group increased significantly compared with that in the C group. Catalase activity tended to be higher by feeding grape seeds. The grape seed diet increased glutathione peroxidase activity in the C group. Glutathione-S-transferase activity increased significantly in the G group compared with that in the C group. Hepatic content of total glutathione increased significantly in the HG group but decreased significantly in the HF group. The ratio of reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione increased by feeding the grape seed diet. Total vitamin A concentration was significantly higher in HG group than in other groups. Liver tocopherol content of the G and HG groups was significantly higher than that of the control groups. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with grape seeds is beneficial for suppressing lipid peroxidation in high fat-fed rats.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.341-346
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Cordyceps militaris extract supplementation on the improvement of blood glucose, lipid compositions and hepatic functional enzyme activities in the serum of streptozotocin(STZ, 50 mg/kg BW, IP injection)-induced diabetic rats fed the experimental diets for 5 weeks. The concentrations of blood glucose and lipid compositions(total cholesterol, ${\beta}$-lipoprotein, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride and phospholipid) and atherosclerotic index in serum were significantly lower in the DM+CM group than in the DM group, whereas the ratio of HDL-cholesterol concentration to total cholesterol in the DM+CM group were higher than in the DM group. The activities of hepatic functional enzymes(aminotransferase, LDH and ALP) in serum were lower in the Cordyceps militaris extract administration group(group DM+CM) than in the hyperglycemic DM group. The results shown above suggested that Cordyceps militaris extract supplementation effectively improves blood glucose and atherosclerosis in the serum of diabetic rats.