• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.2577-2583
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• 2011

We have designed a 20-residue hybrid peptide CA(1-8)-MA(1-12) (CAMA) incorporating residues 1-8 of cecropin A (CA) and residues 1-12 of magainin 2 (MA) with high bacterial cell selectivity. CAMA-P2 is an ${\alpha}$-helical antimicrobial peptide designed from a CAMA hybrid peptide and substitution of Gly-Ile-Gly hinge sequence of CAMA to Pro influences the flexibility at central part of CAMA. Based on structure-activity relationships of CAMA peptides, to investigate the effects of the total positive charges on antimicrobial activity of CAMA-P2, the $Ser^{14}{\rightarrow}$Lys analogue (CAMA-syn1) was synthesized. The role of tryptophan at C-terminal ${\alpha}$-helix on its antimicrobial activity as well as synergistic activity was also investigated using $Ser^{14}{\rightarrow}$Lys/$Phe^{18}{\rightarrow}$Trp analogue (CAMA-syn2). Also, we designed CAMA-syn3 by substitution of $Lys^{16}$ located opposite side of substituted $Lys^{14}$ of CAMA-syn1 with Leu residue, resulting in increase of hydrophobicity and amphipathicity of the peptide. All of CAMA-syn analogues showed good antimicrobial activities similar to those of CAMA and CAMA-P2. The CAMA-syn1 and CAMA-syn2 showed low hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity against human keratinocyte Haca-T cells while CAMA-syn3 showed hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity at its MIC value. We then investigated their abilities to act synergistically in combination with the antimicrobial flavonoids and synthetic compounds screened in our laboratory. The results showed that all peptides exhibited synergistic effects with dihydrobinetin, while only CAMA-syn2 exhibited synergistic effects with YKAs3001 against both S. aureus and MRSA, suggesting that Trp residue at C-terminus of CAMA-syn2 may facilitate the polar antibiotic flavonoids and synthetic compounds to permeabilize the membrane. This study will be useful for the development of new antibiotic peptides with potent antimicrobial and synergistic activity but without cytotoxicity.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.408-419
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• 2016

Background: In recent years, adjuvants have received increasing attention owing to the development of purified subunit and synthetic vaccines which are poor immunogens and require additional adjuvants to evoke an immune response. Therefore, immunologic adjuvants have been developed and tested. Plant polysaccharides have been recognized as effective biological response modifiers with low toxicity. Methods and Results: In this study, the polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge containing immunomodulating arabino-3,6-galactan was evaluated for its hemolytic activity and adjuvant potential in the specific cellular and humoral immune responses to ovalbumin. The polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge was co-immunized with the purified Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi vaccine in mice. The polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge did not induce any hemolytic activity or side effects at doses up to $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The concanavalin A-, lipopolysaccharide-, and ovalbumin-induced splenocyte proliferation and serum ovalbumin-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibody titers in immunized mice were significantly enhanced by AMA. Pharmacological data revealed that the polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge increased antigen-specific antibody levels in immunized mice. The polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge-adjuvanted purified Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi vaccine improved the proliferation of splenocytes and macrophages as well as stimulated cytokine production. Conclusions: These results suggest that the polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge-adjuvanted vaccines enhanced humoral and cellular immunity and that the polysaccharide from the aboveground part of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge is a safe and efficacious adjuvant candidate suitable for use in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.702-708
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• 1998

연구는 버섯을 이용한 기능성식품 개발 및 버섯가공 산업 육성에 기초자료를 제공하고자 표고버섯 및 느타리버섯 자실체, 균사체 및 폐상의 조단백다당체 분말을 0, 5, 25 mg/kg 농도로 생리식염수에 용해시켜 마우스(DBA/2와 ICR)에 주사하여 i) 백혈병$(L_{1210})$, 간암$(H_{22}),\;mouser{\;}sarcoma180\;(S_{180})$에 대한 항암효과, ii) 면역기전에 관련된 장기중량변화, 용혈반 형성 세포수 변화 등 조단백다당이 면역에 미치는 영향, 그리고 in vitro 세포독성실험을 수행하였다. 본 실험에서 사용한 모든 조단백다당류는 백혈병에 대해 항암효과를 보였는데 그 중 표고버섯자실체 25 mg/kg 처리구가 가장 높은 저지율(86%)을 보였다. 간암$(H_{22})$에 대한 항암효과는 표고버섯균사체 5 mg/kg 처리구를 제외하고 모든 처리구에서 저지효과를 보였는데, 그 중 느타리버섯 폐상 25 mg/kg 처리구가 가장 높은 저지율(87.6%)을 보였으며, 다음은 표고버섯자실체 25 mg/kg 처리구(71%)였다. Sarcoma180에 대한 항암효과는 표고버섯균사체와 자실체 25 mg/kg 처리구에서 각각 30.9,와 33.9%의 저지율을 보였다. In vitro 세포독성검사에서 각 시료의 최종농도 $50,\;100,\;200,\;400\;{\mu}g/{\mu}L$에서 $L_{1210}$에 대한 유의적 세포사망률은 보이지 않았다. 면역효과 실험에서 간장과 비장중량은 농도증가에 따라 증가하는 추세이나 현저한 차이는 없었다. 표고버섯균사체와 자실체 처리시 항체생성능력을 지닌 용혈반 형성 세포수는 대조군에 비해 현저히 높게 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.314-322
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• 2009

Four different bacterial colonies were isolated from an old stock of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema monticolum. They all showed entomopathogenicity to final instar larvae of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, by hemocoelic injection. However, they varied in colony form, susceptibility to antibiotics, and postmortem change of the infected host insects. Biolog microbial identification and 16S rDNA sequence analyses indicate that these are four different species classified into different bacterial genera. Owing to high entomopathogenicity and a cadaver color of infected insect host, Serratia sp. was selected as a main symbiotic bacterial species and analyzed for its pathogenicity. Although no virulence of Serratia sp. was detected at oral administration, the bacteria gave significant synergistic pathogenicity to fifth instar S. exigua when it was treated along with a spore-forming entomopathogenic bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis. The synergistic effect was explained by an immunosuppressive effect of Serratia sp. by its high cytotoxic effect on hemocytes of S. exigua, because Serratia sp. caused septicemia of S. exigua when the bacterial cells were injected into S. exigua hemocoel. The cytotoxic factor(s) was present in the culture medium because the sterilized culture broth possessed high potency in the cytotoxicity, which was specific to granular cells and plasmatocytes, two main immune-associated hemocytes in insects.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2009

형방지황탕은 한의학에서 중요한 약처방으로 인간의 기력 회복에 약효가 탁월한 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 형방지황탕으로부터 항생 물질(HTI)을 분리하여 항진균활성 및 그 작용기작을 검토하였다. 그 결과 각종 병원성 진균에 대해 항진균 활성을 나타내었으며, 인간 적혈구에 대해서는 세포독성이 나타나지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 캔디다 알비칸스를 대상으로 스트레스 방어기작과 세포 이형성 유도에 HTI이 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과, 트리 할로즈의 증가와 이형성 유도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 이러한 현상이 항진균활성에 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였으며, 또한 진균의 세포주기에 미치는 영향도 항진균 활성의 요인이 됨을 밝혔다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제65권5호
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• pp.254-261
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• 2022

Background: The use of systemic steroids for 6+ weeks in children is associated with decreased bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD). However, the effects of a shorter duration of use on BMD are unknown. Purpose: To determine the effect of the use of systemic steroids for 2-6 weeks on BMD and BMC in pediatric patients. Methods: Twenty-five pediatric patients (21 with tuberculosis, 2 with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 1 with inflammatory bowel disease, 1 with autoimmune hemolytic anemia) who received systemic steroids for 2-6 weeks and 25 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. BMC, BMD, and z scores of the whole body (WB), lumbar spine (LS), nondominant distal radius (DR), and total body less the head (TBLH) were determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at baseline, the end of steroid therapy or 6 weeks (whichever was earlier; first follow-up), and at the end of 3 months from baseline (second follow-up) in patients and at baseline in controls. The values were adjusted for confounding variables. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using Student t test and the chi-square test or Fisher exact test, respectively. Pairwise comparisons employed Bonferroni correction. Results: Statistically significant decreases in BMC, BMD, and all z scores were observed. BMC declined by 5.37%, 2.08%, 1.82%, and 2.27%, and 11.42%, 3.75%, 3.34%, and 4.17% for WB, LS, DR, and TBLH, respectively, at the first and second follow-ups, respectively. Similarly, BMD declined by 2.01%, 2.31%, 2.18%, and 1.70% and 4.59%, 3.76%, 3.14%, and 3.50% for the WB, LS, DR, and TBLH, respectively, at the first and second follow-ups, respectively. A significant negative correlation was found among bone densitometric parameters, duration, and cumulative dose. Conclusion: The use of systemic steroids for 2-6 weeks in pediatric patients decreased the BMD and BMC of trabecular and cortical bones, an effect that persisted after discontinuation.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.206-212
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• 2001

최근 소아의 인두염 및 인두편도염에서 EM-resistant group A streptococci가 15~40%까지 보고가 되고 있으며, 같은 계통의 macrolide제제들의 대한 내성도 점차 증가하고 있는 양상이 나타나고 있다. 따라서 세균성 인두편도염이 의심되는 환아의 치료에 있어서 경구용 항생제를 선택할 때는 항생제에 대한 내성과 경제성 및 환아의 순응도를 고려하여 항생제를 선택하여야 하겠다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.515-532
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• 2018

Light is an essential and powerful element to animals. A light-emitting diode (LED) is most efficient in terms of economic benefits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of LED lighting time on milk production, milk composition, and the immune response of Holstein cows. Forty lactating cows were assigned to four experimental groups: control; natural daylight, treatment; am3-6, pm6-12 and pm6-am6. We found that there was no significant effect on the decrease ratio in milk production among the groups. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) was significantly decreased in pm6-am6 and pm6-12 than the control. With regard to the hemolytic biochemical analysis, GLU was significantly increased and CRE, T-BIL were significantly decreased in the pm6-12 than the control. IGF-1 levels were significantly increased in pm6-12 compared to other groups. Besides, cortisol was significantly lowered in the pm6-12 than the control, while prolactin, IgA and IgG were not significant among the groups. In addition, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were also significantly increased in pm6-12 than the control. However, antioxidant enzyme activity and superoxide dismutase were not significant among the experimental groups. Therefore, it was concluded that LED lighting time had some impact on blood parameters and immune responses in dairy cows without any changes in milk production.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2019

A light-emitting diode (LED) is most efficient in terms of economic benefits. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of LED lighting intensity on milk production, milk composition, and the immune response of Holstein cows. Thirty-eight lactating cows were assigned to four experimental groups: control group (exposed natural daylight without LED light) and three LED treatment group (50 lux; natural daylight and 6 h LED light of 50 lux intensity, 100 lux; natural daylight and 6 h LED light of 100 lux intensity, 200 lux; natural daylight and 6 h LED light of 200 lux intensity). There was a significant effect on the decrease ratio in milk production in 200 lux group. Lactose was significantly increased in 100 lux than the other LED treated groups. In addition to the hemolytic biochemical analysis, AST and β-HB were significantly increased in the 50 lux than the other groups. Prolactin and IGF-1 levels were significantly increased in 200 lux compared to other groups. Besides, cortisol was significantly higher in 50 lux and lowered in the 200 lux than the control, while IgA and IgG were not significant among the groups. Therefore, it was concluded that LED lighting intensity had some impact on blood parameters and immune responses in dairy cows with increased milk production.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.143-153
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• 2003

목 적 : Shiga-like toxin (SLT)을 생산하는 Esherichia coli에 의한 감염은 설사, 출혈성 대장염(hemorrhagic colitis) 및 용혈성 요독 증후군(hemolytic uremic syndrome)을 특징으로 하며, 특히 5세 이하의 소아에게서 심각한 결과를 초래한다. SLT-I의 병인으로는 다양한 숙주 매개인자들이 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 E. coli 0157 : H7 (ATCC 43890)로부터 정제한 SLT-I이 포유동물 세포들에 대한 세포독성과 종양괴사인자(tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$; TNF-${\alpha}$)의 생산에 미치는 효과를 측정하였으며, SLT-I의 수용체인 glycolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3)의 발현과 SLT-I의 세포독성의 관계를 규명하고자 하였다. 방 법 : SLT-I과 SLT-I B를 순수분리 정제하고 SLT-I B-FLTC 접합체를 제조하여 vero 세포, 대식세포 및 수지상세포를 대상으로 세포독성능을 측정하고 세포독성능의 차이가 SLT-I의 수용체인 Gb3의 발현과 상관관계가 있는지를 Flow cyotmetry로 분석하였다. 또한 대식세포의 종양괴사인자 생산능은 ELISA법으로 시행하였다. 결 과 : SLT-I은 대식세포(Raw264.7)로부터 TNF-${\alpha}$의 생산을 증가시켰다. 연구 대상 세포 중 SLT-I에 감수성을 나타낸 Vero 세포와 수지상세포(dendritic cells)는 Gb3 발현이 각각 83%와 68%로 높았으며, 29%의 낮은 Gb3 발현을 보인 Raw264.7 세포는 감수성을 보이지 않았다. 따라서 위의 결과로부터 SLT-I에 감수성을 보이지 않은 Raw264.7 세포를 대상으로 Gb3 발현 정도와 SLT-I의 세포독성의 관계를 규명하고자 Gb3의 발현을 증가 시킨 후 SLT-I의 세포독성을 재차 평가하였다. 이 결과 TNF-${\alpha}$의 처리에 의하여 6 h에 Gb3의 발현이 정점(43.5%)에 이르렀으며 36 h에 정상 수준(25.0%)으로 환원되었다. 그러나, Gb3의 발현이 증가함에도 불구하고 SLT-I의 세포독성에는 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서, SLT-I에 의한 세포독성은 세포의 종류에 따라서 다르며 또한, Gb3의 발현정도에만 의존적이지는 않을 것으로 생각된다. 결 론 : 이와 같은 결과는 E. coli 0157의 감염증 병인 연구에 있어 SLT-I과 Gb3의 발현의 상관관계에 대한 보다 심도 있는 연구가 필요함을 시사한다.