• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.304-309
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• 1999

Two Lectins, designated FVL-1 and FVL-2, were isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies of edible mushroom Flammulina veluripes using ammonium sulfate fractionation, ethanol treatment, DEAE-TOYPEARL ion-exchange column chromatography, and TSK-Gel HW-55F column chromatography. Specific activity increased 18 folds for FVL-1 and 7.9 folds for FVL-2 from ethanol treated sample. SDS-PAGE of FVL-1 and FVL-2 gave apparent molecular mass of 10.6 kDa and 37 kDa, respectively. FVL-2 agglutinated all type of human erythrocytes (A, B, AB, and O). However, FVL-1 agglutinated more human erythrocyte type O than type A, B, and AB. The hemagglutination activities of the FVL-1 were effectively inhibited by bovine submaxillary and porcine stomach mucins(BSM and PSM), fetuin, asialofetuin and cations, such as $Cu^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$. However, FVL-2 was not inhibited by any cations. The hemagglutination activities of the two lectins were not inhibited by the sugar, such as lactose, galactose and sugar derivatives. FVL-1 and FVL-2 were stable at pH $5{\sim}11$ and pH $4{\sim}7$, respectively. FVL-1 was stable below $55^{\circ}C$ and FVL-2 was below $45^{\circ}C$.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 1986

Experiments were performed on mice to investigate the effect of Panax ginseng petroleum ether fraction on the immunotoxicity of lead acetate. Lead acetate was administered in the drinking water and ginseng p-ether fraction was injected intraperitoneally, Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cell. Humoral immune responses were evaluated by antibody production and Arthus reaction. Pathotoxicological influences were measured by serum protein, alkaline phosphatase and total cholesterol. The weight of liver, spleen and thymus were measured. Lead acetate exposure significantly decreased hemagglutination titer, hemolysin titer, Arthus reaction, spleen and thymus weight. Ginseng p-ether fraction administration significantly restored or potentiated reduced humoral immune response, spleen and thymus weight. Reduced serum A/G ratio, total cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase activity were restored or increased by ginseng p-ether fraction administration.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1376-1382
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• 2003

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of Chungjokupye-tang(CJKPT) on the anti-allergic property. CJKPT decreased the hyaluronidase activity in vitro, and inhibite the anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 and suppress the degranulation of peritoneal mast cell. And CJKPT also decreased the passive cutaneous anaphylaxsis, arthus reaction and contact dermititis by DNFB. These results suggest that CJKPT have an anti-allergic property.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2011

A new lectin was purified from Bombyx mori (BML) by physiological saline extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitants, anion exchange column chromatography on DEAE Sephadex A-50 and gel filtration column chromatography on Sephadex G-200. BML agglutinated trypsinized and glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes, and was observed the most high activity with rabbit, chicken erythrocytes and rat splenic lymphocytes. Agglutinability was markedly affected at highly acidic pH, but was relatively stable with high temperature. The effect of metal ions was observed and BML was affected by bivalaent cations, especially depending on $Ca^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, whereas, inhibited by $Mg^{2+}$. Agglutination was strongly inhibited by heparin and glucuronic acid. BML was proved to be a glycoprotein which contains 17.16% of sugars. By mass spectrometry analysis, we found 2 bands that were considered as lectin subunits.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 1987

Twenty species of higher fungi growing in the wild were collected and studied extensively for their lectin activities by using erythrocytes of human, rabbit and mouse blood. In total, 14 species demonstrated hemagglutination with some kinds of erythrocytes. Of twenty species, eight (Boletus edulis, B. splendidus, Clavaria zollingeri, Lactaritis subzonarius, L. volemus, Russula cutefracta, Pholiota squarrosa, and P. aspera) were shown lymphoagglutination with murine splenic lymphocytes. Protein contents were estimated from the crude lectin fraction. Above mentioned eight species contained relatively high amounts of proteins than other mushrooms. Since these species had coincidently, hiig emagglutinating activity as well, we could define them as lectin-containeing mushrooms. Some species also contained mitogenic lectins toward murine splenic lymphocytes.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.589-613
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• 1998

The purpose of this research was to investigate effects of Bangpoongtongsungsan water extract(BTSE) on the immune reaction, anti-allergy action and anti-inflammatory action in BALB/c mice. The administration of BTSE (500mg/kg) enhanced the cell viability of thymocytes and the population of helper T cells in splenic T-lymphocytes. BTSE suppressed the production of nitric oxide, but enhanced the phagocytic activity in peritoneal macrophages. BTSE enhanced hemagglutination titer in mice. BTSE inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis induced by egg albumin in rat, the lethal anaphylaxis induced by platelet activating factor and compound 48/80 in mice, and then inhibited the degranulation of peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80. BTSE did not inhibit Arthus reaction, but inhibited the delayed type hypersensitivity induced by SRBC and contact dermatitis induced by DNFB. BTSE inhibited the acute hind paw edema induced by histamine after 30 minutes, the permeability of evans blue into peritoneal cavity induced by acetic acid and the writhing syndrome induced by acetic acid. These results suggest that BTSE has an immunopotentiative action, anti-allergy action and anti-inflammatory action via the inhibition of histamine release.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.230-237
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• 1996

The fractions of Epimedii Herba were examined for the immunological effects in ICR mice. Mice were divided into 4 groups and administered orally the fractions of Epimedii Herba for 10 days. The results of this study were summarized as following: (1) The fraction 1 (EtOAc layer) administered group as compared with control group significantly decreased spleen weight, Arthus reaction and hemagglutination (HA) titer but significantly increased circulating white blood cells (WBC). (2) The fraction 2 ($H_20$ layer) administered group as compared with control group significantly decreased liver weight, Arthus reaction and HA titer but significantly increased WBC. (3) The fraction 3 (ppt) administered group as compared with control group significantly increased liver weight, thymus weight rate, delayed type hypersensitivity, phagocytic activity and WBC. The results showed that Frs. 1 and 2 administered groups reduced humoral immune response but increased WBC, and that Fr. 3 administered group increased cell-mediated immune response, phagocytic activity and WBC.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.93-109
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• 1992

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate both the immunomodulatory effect of evening primrose(EP) oil and the effects of EP oil on immunoregulation by cyclophosphamide in mice. EP oil at doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 ml/kg were orally administered to ICR male mice once daily for 28 consecutive days. Cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally to ICR mice with a single dose of 5 mg/kg at 2 days before secondary immunization. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells(S-RBC). Immnune responses were evaluated by humoral and cellular immune responses and non-specific immune response. The results of this study were summarized as follows; (1) The humoral immune responses such as hemagglutination titer(HA), hemolysin titer(HY), Arthus reaction and plaque forming cell(PFC) were significantly enhanced in the low dose EP oil administered groups(0.1 and 0.2 ml/kg). However, in the high dose EP oil administered group(0.4 ml/kg) the responses were significantly lowered. (2) In the case of cellular immune responses, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction(DTH) was significantly decreased in EP oil whereas rosette forming cell(RFC) was remarkably enhanced. (3) Activities of natural killer cells and phagocyte were generally enhanced in EP oil. In addition, serum albumin and globulin were also increased.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.612-619
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• 2000

To investigate the biochemical properties of V. mimicus metalloprotease, whose gene was isolated previously from Vibrio mimicus ATCC33653, overexpression and purification were attempted. The 1.9 kb of open reading frame was amplified by PCR from pVMC193 plasmid which ligated the VMC gene with pUC19 and introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using the overexpression vector, pET22b (+). The overexpressed metalloprotease (VMC) was purified with Ni-NTA column chromatography and characterized with various protease inhibitors, pHs, temperatures, and substrates. The purified VMC showed the proteolytic activity against gelatin, soluble and insoluble collagens, and synthetic peptides. Unlike the observations made with all metalloproteases originated from other Vibrio sp., the VMC did not hydrolyze the casein. The proteolytic activity was critically decreased when the VMC was treated with metal chelating reagents, such as EDTA, 2,2-bipyridine, and 1, 10-phenanthroline. In particular, the 71 kDa VMC exhibited the hemagglutinating activity against human erythrocyte. As the purified VMC was treated with $CuCl_2$ and $NiCl_2$ for the chemical modification of metal binding, the proteolytic activity and hemagglutinating activity were profoundly influenced. The multialignment analysis made on the reported Vibrio metalloproteases showed the difference of amino acid sequence similarity between the two distinctive classes of Vibrio metalloproteases.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.32.1-32.15
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• 2020

Influenza virus is the major cause of seasonal and pandemic flu. Currently, oseltamivir, a potent and selective inhibitor of neuraminidase of influenza A and B viruses, is the drug of choice for treating patients with influenza virus infection. However, recent emergence of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses has limited its efficacy. Morin hydrate (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid isolated from Morus alba L. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects partly by the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. However, its effects on influenza virus have not been studied. We evaluated the antiviral activity of morin hydrate against influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (A/PR/8; H1N1) and oseltamivir-resistant A/PR/8 influenza viruses in vitro. To determine its mode of action, we carried out time course experiments, and time of addition, hemolysis inhibition, and hemagglutination assays. The effects of the co-administration of morin hydrate and oseltamivir were assessed using the murine model of A/PR/8 infection. We found that morin hydrate reduced hemagglutination by A/PR/8 in vitro. It alleviated the symptoms of A/PR/8-infection, and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-α and CCL2, in infected mice. Co-administration of morin hydrate and oseltamivir phosphate reduced the virus titers and attenuated pulmonary inflammation. Our results suggest that morin hydrate exhibits antiviral activity by inhibiting the entry of the virus.