• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.437-449
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• 2020

It is quite apparent that engineering concerns related to the influence of masonry infills on seismic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is likely to remain relevant in the long term, as infill walls maintain their functionalities in construction practice. Within this framework, the present paper mainly deals with the issue in terms of modal expansion of effective earthquake forces and the resultant modal responses. An adequate determination of spatial distribution of effective earthquake forces over the height of the building is highly essential for both seismic analysis and design. The possible influence of infill walls is investigated by means of modal analyses of two-, three-, and four-bay RC frames with a number of stories ranging from 3 to 8. Both uniformly and non-uniformly infilled frames are considered in numerical analyses, where infill walls are simulated by adopting the model of equivalent compression strut. Consequently, spatial distribution of effective earthquake forces, modal static base shear force response of frames, modal responses of story shears from external excitation vector and lateral floor displacements are obtained. It is found that, infill walls and their arrangement over the height of the frame structure affect the spatial distribution of modal inertia forces, as well as the considered response quantities. Moreover, the amount of influence varies in stories, but is not very dependent to bay number of frames.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.424-427
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• 2001

Combining ability study was carried out on the components of synchronization in maturity and determinate growth habit in mungbean, using 6$\times$6 diallel cross. Both additive and non-additive gene effects were found conditioning the inheritance of days to first flower, days between first pod and 90% pod maturity (DDd1), plant height from first pod stage to 90% pod maturity (DDhl, DDh2, and DDh3). Only non-additive gene action was important in degree of determination from first pod stage to 90% pod maturity (DDd2). While only additive action was important in plant height at first flower. The predominant additive gene action was observed in all traits but non-additive was significant in only DDd$_2$. For synchronization in maturity, determinate growth habit, and their components, the best combiners were NM92, VCl560D, and NM89, whereas the best indeterminate combinations were NM92 $\times$ NM89, NM92 $\times$ VCl560D, and NM92 $\times$ ML-5.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.75.1-75.1
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• 2014

Sunspot penumbrae show supersonic downflow patches along the periphery. These patches are believed to be the return channels of the Evershed flow. There was previous study to investigate their structure in detail using Hinode SOT/SP observations (M. van Noort et al. 2013) but their data sample was only two sunspots. To make general description it needs to check more sunspot sample. We selected 242 downflow patches of 17 sunspots using Hinode SOT/SP observations from 2006 to 2012. Height-dependent maps of atmospheric parameters of these downflows was produced by using HeLix which was height dependent LTE inversion code of Stokes profiles. The inversion code at high resolution allows for the accurate determination of small scale structures. The recovered atmospheric structure of three layers indicates that regions with very high downflow velocities contain very strong magnetic fields reaching up to 7kG. The higher downflow velocity patches have bigger patch size. Magnetic fields of downflow patches are more vertical while penumbra shows horizontal field and neighbor of downflow patches have opposite polarity. Temperature of downflow patches at highest layer have more strong value than penumbra at deepest layer. The direction of velocity of downflow patches at highest layer have two branches. These result shows that we can expect some heating precess in the middle of layer.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.297-308
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• 2007

The AOPOD (Atmosphere Occultation and Precision Orbit Determination) system, the secondary payload of KOMPSAT (KOrea Multi-Purpose SATellite)-5 scheduled to be launched in 2010, shall provide GPS radio occultation data. In this paper, we simulated the GPS radio occultation characteristic of KOMPSAT-5 and retrieved electron density profiles using KROPS (KASI Radio Occultation Processing Software). The electron density retrieved from CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) GPS radio occultation data on June 20, 2004 was compared with IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) - 2001, PLP (Planar Langmuir Probe), and ionosonde measurements. When the result was compared with ionosonde measurements, the discrepancies were 5 km on the $F_2$ peak height ($hmF_2$) and $3{\times}10^{10}el/m^3$ on the electron density of the $F_2$ peak height ($NmF_2$). By comparing with the Laugmuir Probe measurements of CHAMP satellite (PLP), both agrees with $1.6{\times}10^{11}el/m^3$ at the height of 365.6 km.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2020

Purpose: The mastoid region is ideal for studying sexual dimorphism due to its anatomical position at the base of the skull. This study aimed to determine sex in the Iranian population based on measurements of the mastoid process using different data mining algorithms. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 190 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images of 105 women and 85 men between the ages of 18 and 70 years. On each CBCT scan, the following 9 landmarks were measured: the distance between the porion and the mastoidale; the mastoid length, height, and width; the distance between the mastoidale and the mastoid incision; the intermastoid distance (IMD); the distance between the lowest point of the mastoid triangle and the most prominent convex surface of the mastoid (MF); the distance between the most prominent convex mastoid point (IMSLD); and the intersecting angle drawn from the most prominent right and left mastoid point (MMCA). Several predictive models were constructed and their accuracy was compared using cross-validation. Results: The results of the t-test revealed a statistically significant difference between the sexes in all variables except MF and MMCA. The random forest model, with an accuracy of 97.0%, had the best performance in predicting sex. The IMSLD and IMD made the largest contributions to predicting sex, while the MMCA variable had the least significant role. Conclusion: These results show the possibility of developing an accurate tool using data mining algorithms for sex determination in the forensic framework.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.47-52
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• 2009

A sand replacement method is commonly used to determine the density of the compacted soils. The density of the test or compacted soil is computed on the assumption that the calibration container has approximately the same size or volume and allows the sand to deposit approximately in the same way as a test hole in the field. The sand filling process is simulated in the laboratory and its effect on the determination of density is investigated. Artificially-made holes with different heights and bottom shapes are prepared to simulate various shapes of the test hole in the field. Three sands with different gradations are used in the testing to examine how sand grain size influences the determination of density in the field. As the height of a test hole increases, the error between known density and calculated density decreases, regardless of the types of test hole and sand used. The results of this study can be used to reevaluate and revise the test method for soil density by the sand replacement method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.214-223
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• 2003

A reliability analysis is straightforwardly applied to the sloped coastal structures against the random wave overtopping. A reliability function can be directly derived from a empirical formula in which may take into account many variables associated with the random wave overtopping. The probability of failure exceeded the allowable overtopping discharge can be evaluated as a function of dimensionless crest height with some reasonable statistical properties and distribution functions of each random variable. Some differences of probabilities of failure occurred from variations of the slopes of structures as well as types of armour are investigated into quantitatively. Additionally, the effects of the crest width of units placed in front of the concrete cap on the probability of failure may be analyzed. Finally, the sensitivity analyses are carried out with respect to the uncertainties of random variables. It is found that the overall characteristics similar to the known experimental results are correctly represented in this reliability analyses. Also, it should be noted that the probabilities of failure may be quantitatively obtained for several structural and hydraulic conditions, which never assess in the deterministic design method. Thus, it may be possible for determination on the crest height of sloped coastal structures to consider the probability of failure of wave overtopping, by which may be increased the efficiency of practical design.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.23
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was carried out to determine the optimum sowing date and days after sowing (DAS) in automatic facility located at Uiseong of Gyeoungbuk province. The seedling height was rapidly increased with a delay of sowing time from April to May. The 10-day old seedlings with suitable plant height (> l0cm) for machine transplanting in the facility were obtained when the seeds sowed after May 20 at Uiseong in Gyeoungbuk province. The dry weight-height ratio of 10-day old seedlings was significantly decreased when the seeds sowed after June 20, and 15-days old seedlings did after May 10. No. of panicles/hill was reduced with increasing of days after seeding. But there were no significant difference among other yield components such as no. of grains/panicle, ratio of ripened grains, and 1,000 grain weight. The highest grain yield, 748kg/10a, was attained from the 10-day old seedlings transplanted at May 27 in comparision with those of 15-day and 20-day old seedlings. The grain yield of 10-day old seedlings transplanted at June 26 was also higher than that of 15-day old seedlings.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.3 s.234
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• pp.455-461
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• 2005

This research studied robust design of composite hand for LTR (LCD glass Transfer Robot). $1^{st}$ DOE (Design of Experiment) was conducted to find out vital few Xs. 108 experiments were performed and their results were statistically analyzed. Pareto chart analysis shows that the geometric parameters (height and width of composite beam) are more important than material parameters $(E_{1},\;E_{2})$ or stacking sequence angle. Also, the stacking sequence of mid-layer is more important than that of outer-layer. The main effect plots shows that the maximum deflection of LTR hand is minimized with increasing height, width of beam and layer thickness. $2^{nd}$ DOE was conducted to obtain RSM (Response Surface Method) equation. 25 experiments were conducted. The CCD (Central Composite Design) technique with four factors was used. The coefficient of determination $(R^{2})$ for the calculated RSM equation was 0.989. Optimum design was conducted using the RSM equation. Multi-island genetic algorithm was used to optimum design. Optimum values for beam height, beam width, layer thickness and beam length were 24.9mm, 186.6mnL 0.15mm and 2402.4mm respectively. An approximate value of 0.77mm in deflection was expected to be a maximum under the optimum conditions. Six sigma robust design was conducted to find out guideline for control range of design parameter. To acquire six sigma level reliability, the standard deviation of design parameter should be con trolled within $2{\%}$ of average design value

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.286-292
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze the pattern of the present flight suit, to select variables of human body and key dimensions for making pattern of the flight suit, and to decide the most appropriate size of human body and rate of ease for designing an overall flight suit. For analyzing the pattern of flight suit, we used "M95Special" (men ; chest circumference 92-97 cm ; height : above 177 cm), which was indicated as the standard of the Ministry of National Defense. We analyzed general appearance and the actual dimensions of the pattern of the flight suit. As a result of analyzing the pattern, flight suit was front-opened overall style which had a flat collar with rounded edges, two-pieced sleeves with lower height of the sleeve's cap, 3cm-width belt on the waist and 8 pockets. To decide the most appropriate size of human body, we selected 20 variables of human body in the 359 variables of the Size Korea by referring the previous studies. The 20 variables of human body were 9 circumferences (chest, waist, hip, neck, armscye, wrist, thigh, knee, and ankle), 9 lengths (stature, back interscye fold, waist back, crotch height, crotch, body rise, arm, outside leg and total), and 2 breadths (biacromial and chest). We drew out the size of 20 variables from the Size Korea and US Army anthropometry data and decided the most appropriate values from the drawn data for applying to the pattern of flight suit.