• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.461-464
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• 2008

Purpose: Although the demand for the mammoplasty including reduction or reconstruction is remarkably increasing, the anthropometric measurement for the breast, especially about the nipple areola complex(NAC) of Korean women has not been reported recently. Therefore, the anthropometric measurement about the NAC was performed to suggest the standard size of NAC for Korean women. Methods: Two hundred and twenty five female volunteers in 20's through 50's were included for the study. Questionnaires including the diameter of NAC, the diameter, height of nipple, age, marital status, delivery and lactation history were distributed to the volunteers and collected. Results: The mean values of our study are as follows: the areola diameter is $30.93{\pm}10.07mm$, the nipple diameter is $10.21{\pm}4.14mm$ and the height of nipple is $6.54{\pm}3.74mm$. The diameter of nipple areola complex(NAC) is bigger in old ages. If the volunteers have the history of marriage, delivery and lactation, it is bigger, as well. The height of nipple closely related to individual characters except the correlation between height of nipple and age. Conclusion: It is important to have standard data for the nipple areola complex in order to have good aesthetic results of mammoplasty. Despite the importance, there are a few measurement data for the nipple areola complex(NAC) of Korean women. The result of our study is not the absolute parameter for breast surgery, however it can be used as the standard size for NAC in the Korean female during breast surgery.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.298-304
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• 2019

이 논문에서는 한국의 가로수에 대한 바람 취약성을 유도하는 분석 방법을 보여준다. 몬테 카를로 시뮬레이션 방법은 도시 가로수의 파괴 확률을 결정하는 데 사용되었다. 이 확률 결과는 대구 지역의 가로수를 기반으로 4 가지 유형에 대한 바람 취약성 매개 변수를 결정하는 데 사용되었으며, 이로 인해 풍하중에서 가로수 손상 확률에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인이 직경이라는 것을 나타낸다. 또한, 선택된 4 가지 유형 중에서 높이 7m, 직경 35cm의 가로수는 손상률이 제일 낮은 반면, 높이 8m, 직경 30cm의 가로수는 가장 낮은 풍하중에서 저항하였다. 높이 7m의 가로수의 평균 손상 풍속은 직경 30cm 및 35cm에 대해 각각 43.8m/s 및 50.6m/s로 나타났으며, 높이 8m의 가로수의 평균 손상 풍속은 직경 30cm 및 35cm에 대하여 각각 38.7m/s 및 45.4m/s로 나타났다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권4B호
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• pp.323-332
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• 2011

하천에서 수목의 관리를 위해서는 수목이 홍수에 미치는 영향이나 생태적 특성을 고려하여 대책을 수립하여야 한다. 수목에 의한 수리학적 영향은 통수능 감소와 유수력에 의한 전도로 인한 하류 하천시설물의 기능 저해이다. 현장 인발시험은 수목이 전도될 때의 최대 저항력을 측정하여, 하천 내의 수목이 외력에 저항하는 정도를 파악하기 위해 시행하였다. 수목의 전도모멘트를 파악하기 위한 인자는 수목의 외형적 특성인 수종, 흉고직경, 수고 등이며, 본 연구에서는 전도모멘트와 흉고 직경의 상관관계를 이용하였다. 수목의 한계 전도모멘트는 흉고직경 4.9-32.8 cm의 관목과 교목 100주를 바탕으로 검토되었다. 교목과 관목을 함께 고려할 경우에는 흉고직경과 한계 전도모멘트의 상관관계를 도출하기 어려웠다. 그러나 교목만을 고려할 경우에는 흉고직경과 한계 전도모멘트 사이에 일정한 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2017

This study was carried out to figure out the number of logs for sawtimber by DBH and height class and to compare merchantable volume ratio by categorizing into sawtimber, lagging board and pulpwood, and others for Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, and Larix kaempferi. Logs for sawtimber were hardly produced in small DBH class of three species, but produced evidently from medium DBH class. In large DBH class, the number of logs for sawtimber were noticeably different among species: 4.3 logs for L. kaempferi, 2.6 logs for P. densiflora, and 1.0 logs for P. koraiensis on average. Similarly, merchantable volume ratio for sawtimber were largely different among species in large DBH class with higher than 15 m: 82% logs for L. kaempferi, 60% logs for P. densiflora, and 44% logs for P. koraiensis. When compared to the upper diameter and upper height by species with regard to the last log of a tree produced for sawtimber, upper diameter was smallest with 14.1 cm and upper height was highest with 12.2 m in L. kaempferi. Overall, L. kaempferi was considered as the more commercial species for sawtimber production than P. densiflora and P. koraiensis.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2003년도 제20회 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.270-273
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• 2003

The characteristic of constant volume micro combustor was investigated experimentally. The shape of micro combustor was cylindrical and has row aspect ratio or has relatively large diameter compared with chamber height. Diameter and chamber height was varied to investigate the geometric effect of combustor on the flame propagation. Diameter of 15 mm and 7.5 mm was designed while chamber height was designed to be 1mm, 2mm, and 3mm. The effect of initial pressure was also investigated parametrically from 1bar to 3bar. The gas used in this study was stoichiometric mixture of methane and air. The maximum pressure achieved in down scaled combustors was lower than that of conventional combustor because heat loss to wall was dominant as expected. The maximum pressure responded favorably with the change of height of combustor and the initial pressure, the maximum pressure was also increased. The flame propagation was possible when the specific condition was satisfied. Although the quenching distance of stoichiometric mixture of CH4 and Air is 2.5 mm, the flame could propagate even under quenching distance as the initial pressure increased.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2005

Combustion Characteristics and quenching criteria of micro combustor in various condition was exploited experimentally. Two different gases were used, and various geometric matrixes were considered to figure out quenching characteristic of micro combustor. The micro combustor studied in this study was constant volume, and has cylindrical shape. Geometric parameter of combustor was defined to be combustor height and diameter. The effect of height was exploited parametrically as 1 mm, 2mm and 3mm and the effect of diameter was parameterized to be 7.5mm and 15mm. Three different combustibles. (1) Stoichiometric mixture of methane and are, (2) Stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and air and (3) Mixture of hydrogen and air with fuel stoichiometry of two were used. Pressure transition during combustion process was recovered. The ratio of maximum pressure to initial pressure responded favorably with the change of height of combustor and the initial pressure, the maximum pressure was also increased. The flame propagation was observed only when a specific condition was satisfied. From the experiment the condition that guarantees stable propagation of flame was tabulated. The tabulated results includes criteria of quenching according to combustor height, combustor diameter, species of fuel and initial pressure.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.264-271
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate morphological characteristics of Korean local garlic varieties and to define the genetic variability and the correlations amongthe characters associated with yield. The plant height, the leaf sheath diameter, the nubmer of leaves, and bulb weight were significantly increased in the garlic plants from heavier seed bulbs. The proportation of six clove bulbs was more than 60% in Seosan variety and this was not realted with the number of cloves in seed bulb. While more than 70% bulbs in Jeoksung and Danyang varieties cultivated in paddy field were composed of 6 or 7 cloves, majority of the bulbs of Euisung and Danyang varieties cultivated in upland were composed of bulbs with 7 cloves or more. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed in bulb weight. GCV and PCV also showed high value in leaf sheath diameter. Thus, there is a greater scope for selection of these characters. The small difference between PCV and GCV values in plant height indicates that the environmental influence would be limited in this character. High heritability was observed of plant height (56.76%) and bulb weight (45.95%). And the weight per bulb (34.24%) exhibited highest genitic advance followed by leaf sheath diameter (18.8%) and plant height (9.61%), and those would be the ideal characters for selelction.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.587-595
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• 2019

도심 산지형 공원 내 식생유형별 요인이 공기이온에 미치는 영향력을 파악하고자 충주시 탄금대 공원을 대상으로 수행하였다. 측정지점은 능선부 내 수종, 흉고직경, 울폐도, 층위구조에 따라 설정하였으며, 기상요소와 공기이온을 측정하였다. 공기이온 측정결과, 양이온 발생량은 평균 $610.90{\pm}50.27ea/cm^3$, 음이온 발생량은 평균 $723.58{\pm}64.25ea/cm^3$, 이온지수는 $1.19{\pm}0.10$이였다. 식생유형에 따른 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공기이온은 수종, 흉고직경, 층위구조에 따라 차이가 발생하였으며, 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 이온지수와 식생유형과의 관계에서 수종, 흉고직경, 울폐도, 층위구조 모두에서 정의 상관관계로 분석되었으며, 양이온의 경우 수종, 흉고직경, 울폐도와 부의 상관관계, 음이온의 경우 수종, 흉고직경, 울폐도, 층위구조에서 정의 상관관계로 분석되었다. 셋째, 능선부 내 이온지수의 영향요인은 기상요인과 식생유형을 비교한 결과 식생유형의 상관계수가 더 높았으며, 세부적으로는 수종 > 층위구조 > 울폐도 > 흉고직경의 순이었다. 본 연구에서는 능선부를 대상으로 공기이온을 평가한 한계점이 존재한다. 이에 향후 공기이온에 대한 연구에서 지형구조, 식생유형을 모두 고려한 분석이 이루어져야할 것이며, 계절에 따른 변화 비교연구가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2022

The axial compression behavior of nine self-compacting concrete columns confined with CFRP-PVC spirals was studied. Three parameters of spiral reinforcement spacing, spiral reinforcement diameter and height diameter ratio were studied. The test results show that the CFRP strip and PVC tube are destroyed first, and the spiral reinforcement and longitudinal reinforcement yield. The results show that with the increase of spiral reinforcement spacing, the peak bearing capacity decreases, but the ductility increases; with the increase of spiral reinforcement diameter, the peak bearing capacity increases, but has little effect on ductility, and the specimen with the ratio of height to diameter of 7.5 has the best mechanical properties. According to the reasonable constitutive relation of material, the finite element model of axial compression is established. Based on the verified finite element model, the stress mechanism is revealed. Finally, the composite constraint model and bearing capacity calculation method are proposed.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제78권4호
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• pp.381-395
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• 1989

본 연구는 임업 경영에 있어서, 그 중에서도 특히 간벌 작업에서 순수 작업시간과 임목의 형상 조건과의 관계를 구명함으로써 임금표나 공정표에 대한 과학적인 기초 자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 시험 대상지와 수종은 경남 양산에서 참나무 460본, 강원도 봉평에서 낙엽송 372본과 적송 232본, 전북진안에서 리기다 소나무 240본을 선정하였으며, 회귀식에 의한 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 수종별 임목의 형상 조건인 5개의 독립 변수는 순수 작업 시간을 산출하는데 있어 작업원별로 동일 조건임을 확인하였다. 2. 임목의 형상 조건간의 서로 상관관계를 구명, 유의성을 확인하였으며, 결과적으로 순수 작업시간(WT)은 흉고직경(DBH)과 전체 가지수(NOB)로부터 가장 크게 영향을 받았다. 3. 변수의 수에 따른 결정계수(Rp)와 잔차평균제곱(MSEp)을 비교하여 최적회귀식을 수종별로 산출하였으며 여기에서 모든 수종으로부터 흉고직경(DBH)과 가지수(NOB)가 조합된 $WT=a+b1{\times}NOB+b2{\times}DBF$의 식이 유도 되었다. 4. 간벌 작업에서 걸림시간(Hang-up time)을 산출해보면 전체 작업 사간에 대하여 참나무가 평균 66%, 낙엽송 74%, 적송55% 그리고 리기다 소나무가 52%를 나타났다. 5. 수종별 휴고직경(DBH)과 가지수(NOB) 2변수로 부터의 최적 회귀 방정식에 작업 시간표를 작성하였으며, 6. 여기에서 전체 작업시간(Total WT)은 벌도시간(FT)과 조재시간(LT) 그리고 걸림시간(HT)을 모두 합한 것으로써 임목의 1cm 증가마다 11-13초의 작업시간 증가를 나타냈다.