• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.763-775
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• 1998

Some segment or segments of the body must compensate for the heel, and the higher the heel the greater the compensation. Such compensation was once generally thought to take place in the lumbar region and therefore to increase the lumbar lordosis. The purpose of this study is to analyze changes of lumbar sagittal curvature in barefoot and 6cm 12cm high-heel stance. We selected 19 subjects(11 males, 8 females} without history of lower back pain, significant spinal abnormality. And lateral view X-ray of lumbar region from T12 to S1 was taken of each individual. On each X-ray film, lumbar lordotic angle lumbosacral angle and lumbar segmental angles were measured by Cobb method. We drew the following interpretations from the analysis of measured variables of the lumbar region. 1. In comparison of barefoot 6cm heel 12cm heel stance, lumbar lordotic angle had a tendency to decrease according as the heel height was higher. The change in lumbar lordosis measured in high-heel stance was inconsistent with clinical forkelord of hyperlordosis in wearers of high-heeled. 2. Lumbar lordotic angle from T12 to L5 showed sex difference, and was more lordotic in female(p<0.05). 3. There was no sex difference in lumbosacral angle and lumbar segmental angles(p>0.05). 4. There was a significant correlation between lumbar lordotic angle and lumbosacral angle(r>0.60).

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 케이슨 안벽의 뒷굽이 주동토압에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 한계해석법을 사용하여 뒷굽의 길이에 따라 벽면마찰력이 뒷굽 상부에서 발생하는 활동면의 경사각에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석결과 뒷굽의 길이가 짧을수록 내측 활동면의 경사각은 증가하나, 외측 활동면의 경사각은 일정하였다. 실제 케이슨 안벽에서 발생하는 파괴면에 작용하는 토압과 동일한 토압을 갖는 뒷굽 끝에서의 가상의 연직배면에 작용하는 토압에 대하여 뒷굽의 상대 길이-뒤채움 토사의 내부마찰각-벽면마찰각-가상의 연직배면에 작용하는 배면마찰각 등의 상관관계를 구하였다. 뒷굽이 짧을수록 케이슨 안벽에 작용하는 토압이 Rankine 토압보다는 작아지나 뒷굽의 길이를 고려하지 않은 Coulomb 토압보다는 항상 크게 나타났다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.445-453
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze the gait characteristics and interaction between lower extremity joints according to shoe's heel heights in young women. Participants were selected as subject consisted of young and healthy women (age: $23.71{\pm}1.49yrs$, height: $165.92{\pm}2.00cm$, body weight: $54.37{\pm}3.46kg$) and walked with 3 types of shoe's high-heel (0, 5, 9 cm). The variables analyzed consisted of the displacement of Y axis in center of mass ([COM]; (position, velocity), front rear(FR) and left right(LR) angle of trunk, lower extremity joint angle (hip, knee, ankle) and asymmetric index (AI%). The displacement of Y axis in COM position showed the greater movement according to increase of shoe's heel heights, but velocity of COM showed the decrease according to increase of shoe's heel heights during gait. The hip and knee angle didn't show significant difference statistically according to increase of shoe's heel height, but left hip and knee showed more extended posture than those of right hip and knee angle. Also ankle angle didn't show significant difference statistically, but 9 cm heel showed more plantarflexion than those of 5 cm and 0 cm. The asymmetric index (AI%) showed more asymmetric 9 cm heel than those of 0 cm and 5 cm. The FR and LR angle in trunk tilting didn't show significant difference statistically according to the increase of shoe's heel height during gait in young women.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2016

Objective: This study was aimed to compare the thickness and pennation angle of gastrocnemius through ultrasonography during the heel-drop exercise on ankle dorsiflexion angle. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Nineteen normal adults in their 20s had voluntarily participated in this study. All subjects performed the ankle heel-drop exercise with ankle dorsiflexed to $0^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, and $20^{\circ}$: heel-drop exercise with ankle dorsiflexed to $0^{\circ}$ was executed on floor-level, heel-drop exercise with ankle dorsiflexed to $10^{\circ}$ on a wooden-block of 2.3 cm in height, and heel-drop exercise with ankle dorsiflexed to $20^{\circ}$ on a wooden-block of 5.5 cm in height. In each regimen, the subjects completed a session of 100 heel-drop exercises (10 repetitions${\times}$10 sets; with 30 seconds rest following each set; with 24 hours rest following each exercise). Before and immediately after each heel-drop exercise, the thickness and pennation angle of gastrocnemius were measured using an ultrasonography. Results: After the performance of the heel drop exercises with ankle dorsiflexed to $0^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, and $20^{\circ}$, the thickness of the gastrocnemius was significantly higher than pre-exercise (p<0.05), and furthermore heel-drop exercise with ankle dorsiflexed to $10^{\circ}$ was significantly higher than exercise with the ankle dorsiflexed to $0^{\circ}$ (p<0.05). However, as for the pennation angle of the gastrocnemius, there were no significant changes after each heel-drop exercise. Conclusions: This finding suggest that the heel-drop exercise with ankle dorsiflexed to $0^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, and $20^{\circ}$ is effective on the strengthening of the gastrocnemius. Furthermore, the heel-drop exercise with the ankle dorsiflexed to $10^{\circ}$ is more effective than with the ankle dorsiflexed to $0^{\circ}$.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2006

This study was to analyze the effect of dancesport heel-shoes heights on Rumba Cucarachas Movement in terms of analysis, and to provide the essential information to decide the proper heel-shoes heights for individual. six female subjects participated in this study. Dependent variables were set and divided into the amount of movement regarding the velocity and angle of the right elbow, pelvis, ankle, and knee. The following conclusion was drawn blow. 1) Angle: We all appeared in 5, 7, 9cm heel height so that we were similar in a knee and elbow angle and no significantly. The plantar flexion appeared greatly as an ankle angle's shoe high and significantly. 2) Velocity: An elbow velocity all appeared in a three shoes so that it was similar. We speed fast speed some in a 7cm heel height. A knee velocity expressed fast speed some in a 5cm heel height. The pelvis velocity in a that it was similar. Generaly, The aspect to be a dancesport competition o'clock and aesthetic is the height. and the muscular strength train after we need the thing to choose suitable to the individual shoe height. It is logical that the decision of heel-shoes heights should be made by anthropometric and sport dynamic analysis in order to maximize the dynamic and aesthetic aspect of dance sport.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study examined the changes in the kinematic variables during walking on a downhill ramp according to the shoe heel height. METHODS: The subjects were 10 adult women with no history of musculoskeletal disorders who agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected using a motion analysis system (VICON) consisting of six infrared cameras. The slope was 120 cm in width, 200 cm in length, and 15 in inclination. To confirm the change in gait parameters (stride length, gait speed) and lower extremity joint angle according to the heel heights of the shoes, flat, 5 cm, and 10 cm heel shoes were prepared and walked alternately. RESULTS: As a result, both the stride length and walking speed showed significant differences according to the heel height between flat and 10 cm (p<.05). In the sagittal plane, there was no significant difference in the hip joint and knee joint, but a significant difference was observed in all events in the ankle joint on all heel heights (p<.05). In particular, the heel strike and mid stance events showed significant differences among all height conditions (p<.05). No significant difference was observed in any of the joint angle changes in the frontal plane (p>.05). CONCLUSION: As the shoe heel height increased, the instability increased and efforts to secure the stability were made, leading to a shortened stride length, walking speed, and angle of the ankle joint.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.9-12
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• 2005

Purpose: This study is to compare the medial longitudinal arch between heel pain group and normal painless group. Materials and Methods: Heel pain group 242 feet and normal group 140 feet were evaluated through the radiographic images of standing foot-ankle lateral view. Four radiographic indices, talo-1stmetatarsal angle (TMA), calcaneal-1st metatarsal angle (CMA), calcaneal pitch angle (CPA), and arch ratio (AR), were used as well as BMI. Results: There was no difference between heel pain group and normal group in the TMA, CMA, CPA, and AR. But in the BMI, heel pain group showed $1.7\;kg/m^2$ (p=0.0002) higher than normal group. To eliminate the sexual error, male and female were evaluated separately. Male heel pain group showed 2.9 degrees more dorsiflexion (p=0.001) in the TMA, 3.1 degrees greater (p=0.007) in the CMA, 0.01 lower (p=0.028) in the AR, and $1.0\;kg/m^2$ greater (p=0.033) in the BMI than normal male group. There were no difference in the CPA. Female heel pain group showed 3.6 degree greater (p=0.035) in the CMA, and $1.9\;kg/m^2$ greater (p=0.002) in the BMI than normal female group. But other indices demonstrated no differences. Conclusion: talo-$1^{st}$ metatarsal angle, calcaneal-$1^{st}$ metatarsal angle and arch ratio were radiographic indices related with heel pain.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.59-72
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 사질토 뒷채움재의 캔틸레버 옹벽에서 뒷굽 끝단 연직면에 작용하는 주동토압을 산정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 캔틸레버 옹벽에서 뒷굽길이에 따른 전단 영역의 변화는 벽체의 벽마찰력, 뒷채움 경사에 따라 뒷굽 끝단 연직면에 작용하는 주동토압에 영향을 준다. 뒷굽길이에 따라 변하는 파괴면각도를 가정하여 토압을 산정하는 한계평형법은 적용하기에 매우 복잡하므로 본 연구에서는 한계해석법을 사용하여 토압을 구하였다. 한계해석법으로 뒷굽길이에 따라 실제 파괴면각도가 고려된 토압을 정확히 산정하고, 이로부터 뒷굽 끝단 연직면에 작용하는 수평토압과 연직토압을 분석하였다. 본 연구결과에 의하면, 뒷굽길이가 짧아짐에 따라 내측 파괴면 경사각은 이론식보다 증가한 반면에 외측 파괴면 경사각은 영향을 받지 않았다. 뒷굽 끝단의 연직면에 작용하는 배면마찰각은 지표면 경사각과 벽면마찰각 사이의 값을 나타내었으며, 주동토압 또한 감소하였다. 최종적으로 상대적인 뒷굽길이와 뒷굽 끝단의 연직면에 작용하는 마찰각(연직토압/수평토압의 비)의 상관관계를 사용함으로써 Coulomb 토압을 간편하게 산정할 수 있도록 하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.525-532
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• 1997

The hoof parameters - hoof angle, toe length, heel length, hoof width, hoof length, heel width, hoof circumference - of 1372 Thoroughbred racehorses in Seoul racecourse were measured. Each parameter was compared with the racing time. The parameters were as follows: fore hoof angle $50.1{\pm}0.09^{\circ}$, hind hoof angle $50.1{\pm}0.08^{\circ}$; fore toe fength $82.8{\pm}0.21mm$, hind toe length $88.8{\pm}0.23mm$; fore heel length $28.6{\pm}0.19mm$, hind heel length $24.5{\pm}0.19mm$; fore hoof width $130.9{\pm}0.30mm$, hind hoof width $125.7{\pm}0.28mm$; fore hoof length $133.3{\pm}0.22mm$, hind hoof length $28.1{\pm}0.22mm$; fore heel width $61.2{\pm}0.32mm$, hind heel width $67.9{\p}0.35mm$; fore hoof circumference $264.2{\pm}0.48mm$, hind hoof circumference $253.8{\pm}0.40mm$. Apart from the hoof angle, the hoof parameters increased in proportion to the body weight. The parameters of forelimbs affected the racing time more than those of hindlimbs. The correlation between hoof parameters and racing time was shown more in short-distance race (1000M) than in long-distance race(2200M). The parameters that had correlation with racing time were hoof width, hoof length, heel width of forelimbs and heel width of hindlimbs.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.613-624
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• 2001

Backgroun and purpose: The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of high heel shoes on lumbar lordosis for young ladies. The most of ladies wear high heel shoes at least 4 to 5 days a week. Subjects: Subjects were 30 young ladies age between 20 to 30 years old who go to the Sahm Yook University. Methods: Participants were static standing position with bear feet, tennis shoes. and 6cm high heel shoes each different time. The ankles of subjects were 15 degree plantar flexion with 6cm high heel shoes. Metrecom Skeletal Analysis System v. 3. 10 was used to measure the lordosis of each subject. Results: The angle of the lordosis with high heel shoes showed the significant decrease omparing with the angle of lordosis with bear feet and tennis shoes. The mean difference is 2.57 degree. Conclusion: There is strong relationship between the high of heel with decreasing the lumbar lordosis(p<0.05).