• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.115-118
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to report on the result of repairing Achilles tendon using absorbable suture under nerve block. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 20 patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture who were followed up for at least six months after the operation. We repaired Achilles tendon using two absorbable sutures using the Krackow technique for the proximal stump and the Kessler technique for the distal stump. A programmed postoperative management including non-weight bearing with a short leg cast for four weeks after the operation was applied for all patients. We evaluated clinical results using American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, visual analogue scale (VAS) for satisfaction, range of motion of ankle, functional recovery rate, and the starting time of single heel raise. Results: The mean VAS score for satisfaction and AOFAS score was 9.2 and 93.0, respectively. The affected ankle showed a mean dorsiflexion rate of 90% and plantar-flexion rate of 94% compared to the uninjured side. The single heel raise could start at a mean of 3.5 months after the operation. Conclusion: Treatment of Achilles tendon rupture with absorbable suture material using the hybrid suture technique of proximal Krackow and distal Kessler showed sufficient stability and minimal chronic inflammatory reaction.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2021

Purpose: Xanthomatosis of the Achilles tendons is rare. In some patients, however, the lesions in the Achilles tendon need to be removed, which may be painful and disfiguring. While studies of successful surgical outcomes for the total resection and reconstruction of the Achilles tendon have been reported, reconstruction surgery has a technical challenge, and extended surgical exposures are required. This study analyzed five cases of bilateral xanthoma of the Achilles tendon, which was treated surgically using a wedge-shaped tendon-sparing approach to eliminate the need for tendon reconstruction. Materials and Methods: From July 2010 to May 2018, five patients with xanthomatosis in both Achilles tendons underwent wedge-shaped tendon preserving surgery. The average age was 49 years (range, 40-55 years), and the follow-up period was 21.4 months (range, 12-31 months). The patients consisted of three males and two females. Complications related to surgery were recorded. The outcome measures included the range of motion of the ankle joint, American Orthopaedic Foot and ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle/hindfoot score, and visual analogue scale (VAS) for overall satisfaction at the last follow-up. The availability of a single-limb heel raise and returning time to work were also measured. Results: Wound dehiscence that did not require secondary surgery was noted in one patient. At the last follow-up, the range of motion of the ankle joint was normal in all patients. The mean AOFAS ankle/hindfoot score was 91 (range, 85-96) and the VAS for the overall satisfaction ranged from 8 to 10. The average time between surgery and return to work was 27.6 days (range, 17-58 days) and all patients could perform a single-limb heel raise test. Conclusion: The tendon-sparing technique, which can preserve the anatomical functioning of the Achilles tendon, could be an excellent surgical approach because it has very promising functional and cosmetic surgical outcomes in patients with Achilles tendon xanthomatosis.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.176-183
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the short term effects of ASEJ (ankle strengthening with emphasis on jumping) for 3weeks on strength, mechanical properties, and balance and to compare the balance with and without HH(high-heel) condition. Methods: ASEJ (a combined exercise of squat, heel raise up, and jumping) were performed for the subjects in 11 female ankle instability young females ($21.7{\pm}2.0yrs$ Cumberland ankle instability score $19{\pm}6.5$). To investigate the effect of ASEJ, investigator used dynamometer for measuring strength, MyotonPRO for measuring mechanical properties(tone, stiffness, and elasticity of the muscles), I-Balance test for static balance, and Y-balance test for dynamic balance between the condition with and without HH condition. All data were normally distributed and analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program. Comparing pre- and post-intervention and the condition with and without HH conditions data were examined using the paired t-test. The level of significance was chosen as 0.05 for all the analyses. Results: 3wks of ASEJ would strengthen leg muscles and increasing muscle tone and stiffness in most muscles however there was decreasing muscle elasticity of gastrocnemious. In addition, the ASEJ improves the static balance for ankle instability young females and increases the dynamic balance when wearing the heels especially. Conclusions: the ASEJ could recommend to improve the strength and balance for ankle instability young females. Also, measuring the balance with HH conditions well represents the risk of ankle damage in female.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.219-228
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate how induced fatigue of the ankle joint muscles affects the capability and recovery of postural control during single-leg stance in healthy adults. The study population included 22 randomly recruited men and women. Postural control was performed on single-leg stance with eyes open. Ankle joint muscle was fatigued by repeated heel raises. According to the results of this study, for the anteroposterior variables, both men and women showed significantly increased center of mass velocity and decreased center of pressure 95% edge frequency immediately after fatigue. For the mediolateral variables, both men and women showed significantly increased center of mass velocity and decreased center of pressure 95% edge frequency immediately after fatigue. For the total variables, both men and women showed significantly increased center of mass averaged-velocity immediately after fatigue, and also, the center of pressure 95% confidence ellipse area significantly increased in women. Postural control variables were not significantly different for men and women at any time (Pre, P0, P10, and P20). In conclusion, the gender does not affect the capability and recovery after induced fatigue of ankle joint muscles. The effect of fatigue found for the anteroposterior and the mediolateral variables in both men and women. Furthermore ankle joint muscle fatigue led to change of postural control strategy from an ankle joint strategy towards a hip joint strategy. These changes are believed to damage postural control. The ankle joint muscle recovered from fatigue within 20 min during single-leg stance.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the surgical outcome of reconstruction of neglected chronic Achilles tendon ruptures with various methods including Achilles tendon allograft. Materials and Methods: Between October 2003 and November 2008, 8 consecutive neglected chronic Achilles tendon ruptures with the defect gap of more than 4 cm underwent surgical reconstruction including V-Y advancement, gastrocnemius fascial turn-down flap, flexor hallucis longus transfer and Achilles tendon allograft. There were 7 males and 1 female who were evaluated at more than 18 months after surgery. At the time of followup, all patients were assessed with regard to postoperative complications, their self-reported level of satisfaction, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot scale, 10 repetitive single heel rise, single leg hopping test, and ankle range of motion. Results: The AOFAS score increased from average 71.4 (50-87) to 96.4 (86-100). All patients were able to perform 10-repetitive single heel raise and single leg hopping at the latest follow up. No patient experienced wound complications and deep infection. Six patients were rated as 'excellent' and the other two as 'good'. Conclusion: Neglected chronic Achilles tendon ruptures could be successfully treated with careful selection of the reconstruction method according to the amount of defect gap. With an extensive defect, Achilles tendon allograft can be a good option when the reconstruction is not feasible otherwise.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.80-90
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• 2013

Recently, functional insoles of wedge-type it is for the young to raise their height inserted between insole and heel cause foot pain and disease. Additionally, these have a problem with stability and excessively load-bearing during gait like high-heel shoes. In this study, we compared the changes in biomechanical characteristics of foot with different insole thickness then we will utilize for the development of the insole with the purpose of relieving the pain and disease. Subjects(male, n = 6) measured COP(center of pressure) and PCP(peak contact pressure) on the treadmill(140cm/s) using F-scan system and different insole thickness(0~50 mm) between sole and plantar surface during gait. Also, we computed changes of stresses at the foot using finite element model with various insole thickness during toe-off phase. COP moved anterior and medial direction and, PCP was increased at medial forefoot surface, $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ metatarsophalangeal, ($9%{\uparrow}$) with thicker insoles and it was show sensitive increment as the insole thickness was increased from 40 mm to 50 mm. Change of the stress at the soft-tissue of plantar surface, $1^{st}$ metatarsal head represents rapid growth($36%{\uparrow}$). Also, lateral moments were increased over the 100% near the $1^{st}$ metatarsal as the insole thickness was increased from 0 mm to 30 mm. And it is show sensitive increment as the insole thickness changed 10 mm to 20 mm. As a result, it was expected that use of excessively thick insoles might cause unwanted foot pain at the forefoot region. Therefore, insole thickness under 30 mm was selected.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.371-376
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of whole-body vibration and to provide scientific basis for effective exercise by analyzing the differences in lower extremity muscle activation according to squat position during whole body vibration. In this study, muscle activation during whole-body vibration was measured in 10 healthy males in their 20s with no orthopedic conditions during standing posture, deep squat, half squat, and heel raise squat. Muscle activation was compared by measuring the root mean square (RMS) with electromyography electrodes attached to lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris. The vibration intensity was applied in combinations of the volumes of 50 and 80 and the frequencies of 10, 25, and 40 Hz in each posture. The results showed that there were differences in muscle activations of external gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and vastus lateralis among the position(p<.05). The heal raise squat was found to have a high muscle activation effect.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate effect of applying self-myofascial release (SMR) to the plantar fascia using a foam roller on hamstring and lumbar spine superficial back line (SBL). Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty-one healthy adults agreed to the method and purpose of the study. Selection and exclusion criteria were screened, and baseline measurements for the Toe Touch test and passive straight leg raise (PSLR) test were obtained. The participants were then randomly assigned to the SMR group or the sham group. After group assignment, the SMR group rolled the surface of the foot from the heel to the metatarsal head using a foam roller for 5 minutes. The sham group received passive mobilization of the ankle joint in the supine position. Afterwards, the Toe Touch test and the passive straight leg-raise test were re-assessed. Results: In the SMR group, the Toe Touch test results showed significant improvement (p<0.05). Left and right PSLR test results showed a significant increase (p<0.05). In the sham group, there was no significant difference between pre and post-test results. The SMR group showed a significant difference in the PSLR test and Toe Touch test compared to the sham group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that SMR on the plantar fascia was immediately effective for improving the flexibility of the SBL of the lumbar spine and hamstring.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.341-352
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop & to determine the effect of an tailored falls prevention exercise for older adults. Method: Subjects consisted of 59 older adults (experimental group : 29, control group : 30) living at nursing homes. Experimental group participated in tailored falls prevention exercise for 16 weeks(3 times a week, 50 min every session). Data were collected before the exercise, 16 weeks & 24 weeks after the beginning of exercise. Results: 1) the experimental group significantly improved the muscle strength of hip extensor & flexor, knee extensor & flexor, ankle dorsiflexor, & plantar flexor compared to the control group. 2) the experimental group significantly decreased the mean time for 10 times chair stand. 3) the experimental group significantly increased the standing time on one leg and the number of heel raise for 30 seconds compared to the control group. In addition more older adults in the experimental group completed the tandem stance & semi-tandem stance for 10 seconds than the control group. 4) The experimental group significantly decreased the mean time of 6m walk and the fall frequency compared to the control group. Conclusions: This results suggest that tailored falls prevention exercise for older adults can improve muscle strength, static & dynamic balance and decrease the fall frequency of older adults.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.63-66
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of exercise-induced fatigue of the plantar flexor muscle in the dominant ankle on the plantar flexor strength and postural control function of the contra-lateral side. Methods: Twenty-one young adults (male: 10, female: 11) volunteered to participate in this study. An exercise-induced fatigue protocol to induce fatigue was performed in the plantar flexor of the dominant ankle. For the fatigue protocol, the participants were instructed to raise their heels as high as possible in the position with one leg stance of the dominant lower limb, and the heel was then downed after holding for 1 second. The muscle strength of the contra-lateral plantar flexor was measured using a digital muscle strength test device, and the static and dynamic postural control were tested by acquiring the center of gravity velocity while performing one leg standing. A paired t-test was used to identify the differences between the pre- and post, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 software. Results: Comparison of the pre- and post-test data revealed a significant difference in the plantar flexor strength and dynamic postural control after exercise-induced muscle fatigue in the dominant side. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the static postural control. Conclusion: These findings have practical implications, suggesting that unilateral muscle fatigue affects the ankle muscle strength and postural ability of the contralateral side.