• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.847-858
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• 2017

For 26 soil series distributed more than 1% among 63 soil series in Jeju Island, natural uncultivated soil samples were collected. For these soils, the chemical speciation of eight heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) was examined. Further, the Plant Bioavailability (PB) and Mobility Factor (MF) of these heavy metals were evaluated using Tessier's 5-step sequential extraction method (exchangeable, carbonate, reducible (bound to Fe/Mn oxides), oxidizable (bound to organic matter), and residual fraction). The main form present was residual fraction for Cd and Zn; residual and oxidizable fractions for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb; reducible fraction for Mn; and carbonate fraction for V. The average plant availability and average mobility factor were found to be V (57.37%) > Zn (12.49%) > Cd (11.76%) > Cu (11.19%) > Pb (9.37%) > Cr (9.09%) > Mn (3.13%) > Ni (2.63%), and Mn (61.04%) > V (59.94%) > Zn (31.54%) > Cd (17.65%) > Cr (15.66%) > Ni (13.89%) > Pb (13.80%) > Cu (13.53%), respectively.

• 약학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.460-467
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• 2001

Heavy metals, such as Al, As, Cd, Cr Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, V and Zn, were analysed on kidney cortex and medulla of Korean obtained from 154 forensic medical autopsy cadavers. Heavy metals were analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry In kidney cortex, the concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Mn, Mo, Pb, Se, Si and Zn were significantly higher than in the kidney medulla (Cd, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn : p<0.01, AA, Pb, Se, Si : p<0.05). No significant local differences were found between kidney cortex and kidney medulla in the concentrations of As, Cr Fe, Hg, Ni, Sn and V. In kidney cortex and kidney medulla, Cd concentrations correlated positively with age, but Mn concentrations correlated negatively with age. A significantly positive correlation between Cd and Zn, Cd and Cu, Zn and Cu, Al and Si, Se and As was found in kidney cortex and kidney medulla. A significantly positive correlation between Hg and Se was only observed in kidney cortex. These results indicate that the distribution of hazardous heavy metals is similar to that of essential elements in the tissues.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제88권4호
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• pp.510-522
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• 1999

대기 오염물질인 $SO_2$, $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$, $Cl^-$가 분진(粉塵)이나 강우와 함께 지표에 이르러 토양에 흡수 축적되고 중금속은 생활하수 및 음식 쓰레기, 공장 폐기물, 비료, 살충제 및 살균제, 채광활동 등에서 여러 가지 경로인 물질의 순환과정을 통해서 수권(水圈)이나 토양에 축적된다. 대기오염물질인 $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$, $Cl^-$와 중금속은 식물 필수영양소(Co, Cu, Mo, Mn, Ni, V, Zn)와 인체나 동물에 유독성을 갖는 중금속(Cd, As, Pb, Hg, Cr, Se, Mo, Co) 중에서 Se, Mo, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cr, Co, V, As, Cu, Ni을 분석대상으로 하였고 이들의 도시에서 오염상태를 알기 위하여 도시지역인 광주 시내에 식재되어 있는 가로수 및 녹지대조성 수종과 대조구로서 광주에서 23km 떨어져 있는 나주시 산포면 산제리 소재 전라남도 산림환경연구소 구내에 생육하고 있는 수종을 대상으로 분석하였다. 분석대상 수종은 은행나무, 상수리나무, 개잎갈나무, 양버즘나무, 아까시나무, 오리나무, 메타세쿼이아, 느티나무, 벗나무, 소나무를 대상으로 하여 뿌리 및 잎 그리고 이들이 생육하고 있는 토양에 함유되어 있는 대기오염물질과 중금속의 함량을 분석 측정한 결과 다음과 같았다. 1. $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$, $Cl^-$가 도시지역의 토양이 시외지역 토양보다 높은 함량을 보이고 있으며 $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$이온은 뿌리보다 잎의 함량이 더 높았다. 2. $SO{_4}^{-2}$, $NO{_3}^-$이온의 흡수량이 은행나무, 아까시나무, 느티나무, 상수리나무, 양버즘나무가 많아 도시 가로수나 녹지대 조성수종으로 적합하다고 생각된다. 3. 토양에 중금속의 함유량은 도시지역이나 시외지역에서 Mn > Zn > V > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cu > Mo> Cd 순이고, Mn, Zn, Pb, V, Cu는 도시토양이 시외지역 토양보다 많은 양이 검출되었는데 이는 각종 오염원으로부터 오염된 결과로 생각된다. 뿌리와 잎에 함유된 중금속의 함유량도 Mn>Zn>Cr>Cu>V>Ni 순으로서 V의 순위가 다를 뿐 토양의 함유량의 크기순서와 같았다. 4. Mn과 Zn은 식물체에 흡수를 서로 방해하는 Antagonism 관계에 있는 것으로 알려져 있으나 본 연구에서는 Antagonism을 인정 할 수 없었다. 5. Sn, Mo, Cd, Pb는 도시지역이나 시외지역 토양에 축적되어 있으나 수목에 흡수되지 않아 뿌리나 잎에서 검출되지 않았다. 또 Se, Co와 As는 토양, 잎, 뿌리에서 검출되지 않았다. 6. 도시지역이나 시외지역에서 조사된 10개 수종 중 중금속의 흡수력이 특별히 월등하다고 인정할만한 수종이 없었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.577-583
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• 1999

Concentrations of heavy metals, including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, V and Zn in the internal organs (liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen, cerebrum and bone) of Korean obtained from 91 forensic medical autopsy cadavers, with an age range of 12-87 years, were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. From the results, positive correlation with age was observed in the following cases : Cd in liver, kidney and cerebrum; Fe in cerebrum and bone; Pb in bone; v in lung. Copper in heart, Hg in bone and Mn in kidney correlated negatively with age. A significantly positive correlation between Se and Hg was only observed in heart. Significant correlation coefficients between Se and As were observed in liver, kidney, heart spleen and bone. The correlation between Cd and Zn was significant in liver and kidney, indicating that the distribution of Cd is similar to that of Zn in the liver and kidney.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.69-78
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• 2010

일반주택의 먼지오염실태를 연구하기 위하여 2009년 1월부터 2월까지 대구지역내의 도시지역(24곳) 및 농촌지역(24곳)의 일반주택 48가구를 대상으로 진공청소기에 포집된 먼지를 수거한 뒤 100 ${\mu}m$ 이하로 체거름하고 산추출한 후에 발암물질로 알려진 Cd과 Ni을 포함한 모두 14개 원소(Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, V, Zn)를 ICP로 분석하였다. 농축계수를 이용한 발생원을 평가한 결과, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, V 성분은 암석풍화, 토양의 재비산 등과 관련된 자연적인 발생원의 영향을 받았고, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn 성분은 연료의 연소, 폐기물소각 등과 관련된 인위적인 발생원의 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 미량원소성분의 농도는 자연적인 발생원성분에서 유래되는 성분이 높았고, 인위적인 발생원에서 유래되는 성분이 낮았다. 인위적인 발생원의 기여도는 도시지역(2.5%)의 먼지가 농촌지역(2.0%)의 먼지에 비해 높았다. 오염지수를 이용한 중금속성분의 오염도를 평가한 결과, 도시지역이 농촌지역에 비해 1.8배정도 높게 오염된 것으로 추정되었다. 지역별 미량원소성분간의 상관성을 분석한 결과, 농촌지역과 도시지역이 공통적으로 자연적-자연적 발생원 성분간(Al-Mg, Al-Mn, Fe-Mn), 자연적-인위적 성분간(Al-V, Fe-Cr, V-Mn)이 유의하게 양호하였다. 그리고 농촌지역이 도시지역보다 유의한 상관성이 많았다. 또한 유해 중금속성분과 영향인자간의 상관성을 분석한 결과, 난방연료로 기름을 사용하는곳이 가스나 전기를 사용하는 곳보다, 어린이가 있는 곳이 없는 곳보다, 주택과 대도로 사이가 10 m 미만인 곳이 이상인 곳보다, 주택연수가 10년 이상인 곳이 미만인 곳보다 상대적으로 중금속을 많이 함유하고 있었다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.66-85
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• 2002

Traditional herbal medicine is used extensively among the Korean populations, and other Asian countries employ similar therapies as well In recent years, extensive focus was laid on adulteration of the herbal medicine with heavy metals. This may be mainly due to a soil contamination by an environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to identify the contents of various heavy metals in the blood from OhJeokSan-Decoction (OD) treated-rats. For this study, 13 kinds of metals including essential and heavy metals, i.e. Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed by a slight modification of EPA methods and the following results are obtained. ; 1. There is no significant difference between the OD-treated groups and control group in liver, kidney, bone, brain, weight, food intake. 2. The amount of each metal analyzed in the liver are as follows; Al ; $0.235{\sim}4.215mg／kg$, As ; $0.103{\sim}0.461mg／kg$, Cd ; $0.005{\sim}0.010mg／kg$, Co ; $0.017{\sim}0.046mg／kg$, Cr ; $0.137{\sim}0.403mg／kg$, Cu ; $1.736{\sim}4.827mg／kg$, Fe ; $54.472{\sim}381.447mg／kg$, Hg ; not detected, Mn ; $1.159{\sim}2.803mg／kg$, Ni ; $0.007{\sim}0.095mg／kg$, Pb ; not detected, Se ; $0.682{\sim}1.887mg／kg$, Zn ; $10.213{\sim}26.119mg／kg$, by groups, respectively. In control and other experimental group, several metal (Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, As, Cr) has a significant difference, but in experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, V groups, there are no significant difference. 3. The amount of each metal analyzed in the kidney are as follows; Al ; $1.712{\sim}31.230mg／kg$, As ; $0.062{\sim}0.439mg／kg$, Cd ; $0.010{\sim}0.062mg／kg$, Co ; $0.000{\sim}0.101mg／kg$, Cr ; $0.125{\sim}0.636mg／kg$, Cu ; $3.385{\sim}12.502mg／kg$, Fe ; $41.148{\sim}99.709mg／kg$, Hg ; $0.000{\sim}0.270mg／kg$, Mn ; $0.433{\sim}2.301mg／kg$, Ni ; $0.000{\sim}0.221mg／kg$, Pb ; $0.000{\sim}0.584mg／kg$, Se ; $0.540{\sim}1.600mg／kg$, Zn ; $8.775{\sim}17.060mg／kg$, by groups, respectively. The concentration of Cu, Se, Cr, and Hg are variated significantly in control and other experimental group, and Cu, Se, Cd, Cr are variated significantly in experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, V groups. 4. The amount of each metal analyzed in the bone(tibia and fibula) are as follows; Al ; $9.557{\sim}119.464mg／kg$, As ; $0.139{\sim}12.250mg／kg$, Cd ; $0.000{\sim}0.295mg／kg$, Co ; $0.022{\sim}0.243mg／kg$, Cr ; $0.239{\sim}1.999mg／kg$, Cu ; $0.000{\sim}2.291mg／kg$, Fe ; $240.249{\sim}841.956mg／kg$, Hg ; $0.000{\sim}0.983mg／kg$, Mn ; $0.214{\sim}7.353mg／kg$, Ni ; $5.473{\sim}11.453mg／kg$, Pb ; $0.000{\sim}8.502mg／kg$, Se ; $0.000{\sim}3.005mg／kg$, Zn ; $61.158{\sim}195.038mg／kg$, by groups, respectively. The concentration of Se, Cd are variated significantly in control and other experimental groups, and Se is variated significantly in experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, V groups. 5. Exceptionally several metal concentration is increased or decreased. but there is no significant harmful difference of metal concentration in the liver, kidney and bone, from the OD-treated-rats compared to those of the control group even if higher dosage($1{\sim}8$ times dosage of person) of OD was administered. Thus, it is expected that the herbal decoction in the traditional herbal medicine would not lay any burden on the body and the heavy metal toxins would not affect our physiological system. However, other kinds of herbal treatment, such as i.v. and i.p. should be considered in terms of metal toxicity in the body since the level of certain metal.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.67-82
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• 2002

Objectives: In recent years, extensive focus has been laid on adulteration of herbal medicine with heavy metals. This may be mainly due to soil contamination by environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to identify the contents of various heavy metals in the blood from Ohjeok-san (Wuji-san) Decoction (OD) treated-rats. Methods: For this study, 13 kinds of metals including essential and heavy metals, i.e. A1, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed by a slight modification of EP A methods and the following results are obtained. Results: 1. There was no significant difference between the OD-treated groups and control group in liver, kidney, bone, brain and weight, especially no significant difference at the 5th and 10th days in weight and the amount of food intake. 2. The amount of each metal analyzed in the blood were as follows; A1: 2.3~3.07 mg/l, As: 2.90~3.66 mg/l, Cd: 0~0.001 mg/l, Co: 0~0.01 mg/l, Cr: 0.40~043 mg/l, Cu: 0.93~1.88 mg/l, Fe: 414.35~464.46 mg/l, Hg: 0.01 mg/l, Mn: 0.10~0.17 mg/l, Ni: 0.01 mg/l, Pb: 0.03~012 mg/l, Se: 0.73 mg/l, Zn: 3.41~4.13 mg/l by groups, respectively. In control and experimental group, Experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, and V groups, there were no significant differences. 3. The amount of non-toxic metals (A1, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn) were $64.1{\pm}7.71{\;}mg/l$ in the control group and 60.70~67.58 mg/l in the experimental groups I, II, III, IV and V. The amount of Toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Ag, Pb) were $0.68{\pm}0.21{\;}mg/l$ in the control group and 0.57 ~ 0.66mg/l in the experimental groups. The total amount of metals were 32.35 mg/l in the control group and 30.48~34.12 mg/l in the test groups I, II, III, IV and V, respectively. Conclusions: There was no significant difference of metal concentration in the blood from the OD-treated-rats compared to those of the control group even if higher dosage (1~8 times the dosage for a person) of OD was administered. This may be mainly due to a decoction treatment which contains only supernatants filtered from the herb-mass after boiling. This indicates the legal limitation for metal concentration in herbal medicine must be applied according to different treatment methods of herbal medicine.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.68-78
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• 1989

The heavy metal of suspended particulates with human health has long been studied in environmental interest concerned. This study was intended to identify harmful heavy metals of the ambient air borne dusts which were related with the respirable sizes in the aerodynamics. Two sampling sites were selected comparatively; one was in the Shinchon area, which is the commercial district with heavy traffic and the other site was in the Bulgwang area which is residential area. The supended particulates were sampled by high volume air sample with 6 cascade impactor stages. The heavy metals in terms of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn were determined by stomic absorption spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The samples weretaken bimothly for seven consecutive days from May 1987 to March 1988. The annual average concentration of the respirable suspended dust of which diameter is less than 10$\mum$ was 152.59 $\mug/m^3$ of the Shinchon air samples; the respirable dust was equivalent to approximately 85% of the total suspended particulates. The annual average concentration of the respirable suspended dust of the Bulgwang air samples was 112.56 $\mug/m^3$; that was approximately 86% of the total suspended particulates. The concentration of heavy metals was investigated in relation to the particle size. The concentration of Cr, Fe, Mn and V were tended to be much more in the coarse particles than in the fine particles. Cd and Pb in the fine particles were more than in the coarse particles. In the partial correlation coefficients; in the Shinchon area, high correlations among Fe, Se and Mn were determined; it is assumed that those sources would be originated from coal, gasolineand diesel. In Bulgwang area, would be high correlation among Fe, Se, Hg and Mn considered to be originated from coal, Bunker-C and heavy oil as well. From the above results, the hazardous heavy merals in air should be measured and controlled in originally their sources.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.245-260
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• 1991

Surficial dispersion patterns of heavy metals and toxic elements (U, Mo, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, V, Ni, Pb, and Cd) were investigated in the Dukpyungri, Goesan area covered with low grade uranium-bearing black shales. Maximum abundance of U in the black shale was 455ppm. Radioactivity was counted at a maximum of 7cps in black shales, and was less than 0.5cps in shales, slates, and oil shales of the control areas. Enrichment of Mo, V, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in black shales is particularly characteristic compared with shales, slates, and oil shales of the control areas, whereas contents of Mn, Cr, Co, and Th in all rock samples tend to be almost similar. Residual top soils (0~15cm depth) over black shales show high contents of Mo, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, and V in comparison with the control areas. Contents of trace elements in subsoils (15~30cm depth) were higher about one and half times than those in topsoils. Average contents of Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and V in garden soil and playground soil of an elementary school in Dukpyungri, Goesan area, were high about two to fifteen times compared with the control areas. Contents of trace elements in stream sediments were higher from two to eight times than those in residual soils. Sodium, AI, K, V, Cr, and Fe were more enriched in the roots of pine than in the twigs of pine. Contents of Li, AI, V, Ni, Cd, Fe, and Co were higher in the roots of azalea than in the twigs of azalea. Enrichment of P, Ca, and Mg was remarkable in the twigs of both pine and azalea. Biological absorption coefficients for essential elements (Zn, P, Mn, Ca and K)tend to be high, whereas those for the non-essential elements.(Ba, Ti, V, and Mo) and toxic elements(Cr, Co, Pb and Ni) be low. Less mobile elements (Pd, Cd, and Co) tend to show anomalies with higher contrast than more mobile elements(Mo, V, Zn, Cu and Ni) in the area covered with black shales.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.666-679
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• 1998

This study aims at providing the fundamental data on the field of cosmetics by comparing heavy metal concentration in terms of domestic/foreign products, items, companies and colors. This study has determined the concentration of chromium, lead, mangagnese, nickel, copper and vanadium in cosmetics such as moisturizer, concealer, foundation (Ivory-yellow), compact powder (Ivory-yellow), lip colo. (Red, brown), eye shadow (Red, brwon and dark green) and eye liner (Black) manufactured by five domestic cosmetic companies and five foreign cosmetic companies on the market. The samples have been collected in cosmetic stores in Pusan from Dec. lst 1996 to Jan. 3lst 1997. The results are as follows : 1. The heavy metal concentration in cosmetics was $2.420{\mu}g/g$ for chromium, $0.82{\mu}g/g$ for lead, $4.49{\mu}g/g$ for manganese, $1.69{\mu}g/g$for nickel, $0.53{\mu}g/g$ for copper, and $51{\mu}g/g$ for vanadium, respectively. 2. Lead and vanadium concentration were significantly higher in domestic cosmetics than foreign cosmetics(p<0.05). 3. The mean(GM) concentrations of heavy metal were different significantly (p<0.01) when classified with cosmetic items. The highest means shown at eye shadow in $Cr(14.96{\mu}g/g),\;Cu(1.32{\mu}g/g),\;V(1.28{\mu}g/g),\;and\;Ni(8.30{\mu}g/g)$, compact powder in $Pb(2.50{\mu}g/g)$, eye liner in $Mn(90.62{\mu}g/g)$. 4. The mean(GM) concentrations of heavy metal were different significantly (p<0.01) among colored cosmetics. The highest mean concentration of Cr, Ni, Cu and V were dark green-colored cosmetics, that of Mn was black-colored cosmetics, and that of Pb was ivory yellow- colored cosmetics.