• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권2호통권57호
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• pp.171-175
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• 2007

Indigenous species means a species that is likely, due to historical presence, to occur at a specified site for some portion of its life span. Therefore, indigenous species can be useful as an indicator to assess environmental risk caused by hazardous chemicals in a specific site. So far a few toxicity studies using freshwater species which are indigenous to Korea have been carried out. In this study, a freshwater shrimp (Neocardina denticulata) indigenous to Korea was used for acute toxicity test of heavy metals. Neocardina denticulata were exposed to cadmium chloride $(CdCl_2)$, copper chloride $(CuCl_2)$ and zinc chloride $(ZnCl_2)$ using automatic flow-through system for 96 hours. The 96h LC50s were calculated as 0.043 $(0.042{\sim}0.045)mg\;CdCl_2/L,\;0.104(0.098{\sim}0.113)mg\; CuCl_2/L\;and\;2.021\;(1.633{\sim}2.594)mg\;ZnCl_2/L$. When compaired with some international standard species such as medaka(Oryzias latipes), Neocardina denticulata had high sensitivity. Therefore, this study suggested that Neocardina denticulata have possibilities for a sensitive test species to test heavy metal toxicity in aqua-system.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.560-568
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• 2007

이 연구의 목적은 한국 중등학교 과학 교과서에 기술된 화학적으로 불분명한 ‘중금속' 용어에 대해 정의, 종류 및 의미의 항목으로 알아보았다. 예비 결과에 의하면 교과서중에서 ‘화학 I' 교과서 8종 중 6종에 서 비중을 근거로 중금속을 정의하고 있으며 또 인체에 유해하고 지속적으로 축적되는 금속으로 묘사하고 있 다. 특히 8종의 모든 교과서에서 중금속의 예로 카드뮴, 납 그리고 수은을 제시하고 있으나 비소와 같은 비금 속이나 크롬, 망간, 철, 코발트, 니켈 그리고 구리 같은 인체 필수 미량 금속도 들어 있었다. 금속의 독작용을 이해함에 있어서 금속의 산화상태, 생체 내 존재량, 생체 성분과의 반응성을 고려해야 하지만 교과서에서 이에 대한 단편적인 예만 제시하고 있었다. 화학적으로 정의되지 못한 용어는 학생들로 하여금 중금속은 독소와 동 일할 수 있다는 대안 개념을 유발시킬 수 있으므로 이러한 모호한 정의와 설명은 교과서에서 지양되어야 한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.851-855
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• 2002

A comparison of Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Simocephalus mixtus toxicity test was performed to study the relative sensitivities and discrimination abilities with both pore and elutriate water of Woopo wetland sediments. Sediment risk assessment has been done by standardized preparation method of pore and elutriate water described in the joint US EPA-US Army Crops of Engineers manual. Simocephalus mixtus which was obtained from Woopo wetlands in Korea was cultured and applied to sediment toxicity test. Water quality in Woopo wetland had great site and seasonal variations. S. mixtus was more sensitive than D. magna in heavy metal toxicity test. The toxicity results with S. mixtus reflected the water quality of elutriate and pore water. The results also suggested that S. mixtus could be used as a test organism in estimating potential risk of contaminated sediments.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 합성 항균제로 이용되는 Triclosan이 $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, $Hg^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$ 등과 같은 중금속과 공존할 경우의 독성영향을 발광박테리아인 Vibrio fischeri를 이용하여 평가하였다. 우선, Triclosan과 상기 6종 중금속의 단일물질별 Vibrio fischeri에 대한 독성을 평가한 결과, $Hg^{2+}$의 독성이 가장 높았으며 뒤이어 Triclosan > $Pb^{2+}$ > $Cu^{2+}$ > $Cr^{6+}$ > $Zn^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$순의 독성민감도가 나타났다. 각 물질의 독성평가결과를 바탕으로 Triclosan과 중금속 혼합물질의 독성작용분석을 위해 유사한 독성작용을 가정하여 독성치를 예측하는 Concentration Addition (CA)모델과 독립적인 독성작용을 가정하여 독성치를 예측하는 Independent Action (IA)모델에 대한 상관도분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 Triclosan + Cu, Triclosan + Zn, Triclosan + Pb, Triclosan + Hg, Triclosan + Cd, 그리고 Triclosan + Cr 등 모든 조합에서 CA모델보다는 IA모델과 상관성이 높은 것으로 나타나 Triclosan과 대상 중금속들은 서로 독립적인 독성작용을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 Triclosan과 중금속의 혼합독성영향은 IA모델로 예측된 $EC_{50mix}$기준으로 Triclosan + Cu, Triclosan + Zn, Triclosan + Pb, Triclosan + Hg, Triclosan + Cd, 그리고 Triclosan + Cr의 실측 $EC_{50mix}$이 IA모델로 예측한 농도보다 각각 191%, 226%, 138%, 137%, 209% 그리고 138%로 나타나, Triclosan과 시험 중금속이 공존하는 경우, 모두 길항작용이 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2012

To prepare measures for practical policy utilization and the control of heavy metals, hazard control related institutions by country, present states of control by country, and present states of control by heavy metals were examined. Hazard control cases by heavy metals in various countries were compared and analyzed. In certain countries (e.g., the U.S., the U.K., and Japan), hazardous substances found in foods (e.g., arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury) are controlled. In addition, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) recommends calculating the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of individual heavy metals instead of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) to compare their pollution levels considering their toxicity accumulated in the human body. In Korea, exposure assessments have been conducted, and in other countries, hazardous substances are controlled by various governing bodies. As such, in Korea and other countries, diverse food heavy metal monitoring and human body exposure assessments are conducted, and reducing measures are prepared accordingly. To reduce the danger of hazardous substances, many countries provide leaflets and guidelines, develop hazardous heavy metal intake recommendations, and take necessary actions. Hazard control case analyses can assist in securing consumer safety by establishing systematic and reliable hazard control methods.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.157-162
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated the atmospheric heavy metal concentrations in the particulate matter inside the subway stations of Seoul. In particular, we examined the correlation between the heavy metals and studied the effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation. In six selected subway stations in Seoul, particulate matter was captured at the platforms and 11 types of heavy metals were analyzed. The results showed that the mean concentration of iron was the highest out of the heavy metals in particulate matter, followed by copper, potassium, calcium, zinc, nickel, sodium, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium in that order. The correlation analysis showed that the correlations between the heavy metals was highest in the following order: (Cu vs Zn), (Ca vs Na), (Ca vs Mn), (Ni vs Cr), (Na vs Mn), (Cr vs Cd), (Zn vs Cd), (Cu vs Cd), (Ni vs Cd), (Cu vs Ni), (K vs Zn), (Cu vs K), (Cu vs Cr), (K vs Cd), (Zn vs Cr), (K vs Ni), (Zn vs Ni), (K vs Cr), and (Fe vs Cu). The correlation coefficient between zinc and copper was 0.937, indicating the highest correlation. Copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and cadmium, which are generated from artificial sources in general, showed correlations with many of the other metals and the correlation coefficients were also relatively high. The effect of the heavy metals on cell proliferation was also investigated in this study. Cultured cell was exposed to 10 mg/l or 100 mg/l of iron, copper, calcium, zinc, nickel, manganese, magnesium, chromium and cadmium for 24 hours. The cell proliferation in all the heavy metal-treated groups was not inhibited at 10 mg/l of the heavy metal concentration. The only exception to this was with the cadmium-treated group which showed a strong cell proliferation inhibition. This study provides the fundamental data for the understanding of simultaneous heavy metal exposure tendency at the time of particulate matter exposure in subway stations and the identification of heavy metal sources. Moreover, this study can be used as the fundamental data for the cell toxicity study of the subway-oriented heavy metal-containing particulate matter.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 과불화합물(PFOA, PFOS)과 수계에 보편적으로 존재하는 중금속(Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg)의 복합독성을 Vibrio fischeri를 이용하여 평가하였다. PFOA와 PFOS의 경우, 30 min-$EC_{50}$값이 각각 134.21 (119.54-150.68)와 235.97 (180.96-307.70) mg/L로 PFOS 보다는 PFOA의 독성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 한편 중금속류의 독성은 $Hg^{2+}$의 독성이 가장 높았으며, 이어서 $Pb^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ 순으로 높은 독성민감도를 나타냈다. 과불화합물류와 중금속류의 복합독성의 경우, PFOA와 PFOS 모두 $Cr^{6+}$과 공존할 시 상승효과가 나타났으며, PFOA + $Zn^{2+}$, PFOS + $Zn^2$, PFOA + $Cd^{2+}$, PFOS + $Cd^{2+}$의 조합은 상가 효과를 나타냈다. 이외의 복합물질은 모두 길항작용을 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 과불화합물인 PFOA, PFOS와 중금속 복합물질들의 조합에 따른 상호작용이 상이함을 확인하였고 이 결과로부터 과불화합물과 중금속 공존할 때 수환경에 야기할 수 있는 잠재적 위해성을 예측할 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 1998

Effects of lead(Pb) and calcium(Ca) on growth responses, accumulation of heavy metals and nitrogen fixation activities of Melilotus suaveolens seedlings were quantitatively analyzed during growing period. Pb contents of the root treated with 30, 100 ppm Pb and 100 ppm Pb added 100 ppm Ca were 54.1, 90.9 and 26.1 folds higher than that of the control, respectively, at pH 4.2 in 28th days, and heavy metal content of plant increased with increasing of pH and Pb concentration. The melilot plant was classified as a Pb accumulator by higher accumulation of Pb in shoot than that of root. Pb treatments resulted in inhibiton of height and chlorophyll contet, and Ca treatment increased height and chlorophyll content insignificantly at pH 4.2 in 28 days. The plant biomass reduced 49, 60 and 54% at pH 4.2 and 47,53 and 50% at pH 6.5, respectively, by 30, 100 ppm Pb and 100 ppm Pb added 100 ppm Ca treatment. Specific nitrogen fixation of nodules reduced 68.4% and 46.6% by 100 ppm Pb treatment and 3.7% and 24.9% by 100 ppm Pb added 100 ppm Ca at pH 4.2 and pH 6.5, respectively, so Ca inhibited significantly Pb activity and toxicity in acdic pH. Nodule formation were reduced to 33, 33 and 50% at pH 4.2 and 50, 33 and 38% at pH 6.5 by 30, 100 ppm Pb and 100 ppm Pb added 100 ppm Ca, respectively.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.279-293
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• 2014

Objectives: Children are more susceptible to heavy metal toxicity than adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in the blood of Korean preschoolers and investigate the association between metals in blood and related factors. Methods: A total of 512 subjects from 36 to 83 months of age were sampled. A questionnaire survey was performed and the levels of lead, mercury and cadmium were measured in the blood samples of all subjects. Their parents were interviewed in order to obtain information on basic characteristics, dietary patterns, socio-economic factors, and indoor/outdoor environment of the preschoolers. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between the above factors and lead, mercury or cadmium concentrations. Results: The geometric mean concentrations of lead, mercury and cadmium in the blood were $1.45{\pm}1.58{\mu}g/dL$, $2.14{\pm}1.74{\mu}g/dL$ and $0.23{\pm}1.91{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. Results from multiple linear regression analysis showed that blood lead levels were associated with birth weight and paternal smoking status. Daily mercury intake from food and maternal education were also shown to influence mercury concentrations in blood. Also, blood cadmium concentrations were associated with maternal age and having a bus garage near the place of residence. Conclusion: This study suggests that smoking status, dietary patterns and the environmental status near the residence should be considered as important factors for preventable sources of heavy metal exposure in preschoolers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.490-510
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• 2023

Feed safety is needed to produce and provide safe animal feeds for consumers, animals, and the environment. Although feed safety regulations have been set for each country, there is a lack of clear feed safety regulations for each livestock. Feed safety regulations are mainly focused on heavy metals, mycotoxins, and pesticides. Each country has different safe levels of hazardous materials in diets. Safe levels of hazardous materials in diets are mostly set for mixed diets of general livestock. Although there is a difference in the metabolism of toxic materials among animals, the safe level of feed is not specific for individual animals. Therefore, standardized animal testing methods and toxicity studies for each animal are needed to determine the correct safe and toxic levels of hazardous materials in diets. If this goal is achieved, it will be possible to improve livestock productivity, health, and product safety by establishing appropriate feed safety regulations. It will also provide an opportunity to secure consumer confidence in feed and livestock products. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a scientific feed safety evaluation system suitable for each country's environment. The chance of outbreaks of new hazardous materials is increasing. Thus, to set up appropriate toxic levels or safe levels in feed, various toxicity methods have been used to determine toxic levels of hazardous materials for humans and animals. Appropriate toxic testing methods should be developed and used to accurately set up and identify toxicity and safe levels in food and feed.