• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.572-584
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality of male college student according to smoking groups. Subjects were recruited and divided into three groups according to the smoking, which included non-smoker (n = 100), light-smoker (n = 78; packyear < 5), and heavy-smoker (n = 76; packyear ${\geq}$ 5). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire, 24-hour recall method for dietary intake and diet quality. The average age of the subjects were 22.7 years for non-smoker, 23.5 years for light-smoker, and 23.4 years for heavy-smoker. Also the results showed that the heavy-smoker was significantly more often to drink coffee and alcohol compared with the other two groups (p<0.001, p<0.05). The mean daily energy intake was 2278.1 kcal in non-smoker, 2148.3 kcal in light-smoker, and 2144.4 kcal in heavy-smoker. The heavy-smoker consumed significantly lower intakes of vitamin C (p<0.001), calcium (p<0.01), animal calcium (p<0.01), and potassium (p<0.05) compared to the non-smoker and light-smoker. Also NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio), ND (Nutrient Density), and INQ (Index of Nutritional Quality) of these nutrients in heavy-smoker were lower than the other two groups. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.78 in non-smoker, 0.78 in light-smoker, and 0.74 in heavy smoker (p<0.05). The heavy-smoker consumed significantly lower intakes of fruits (p<0.001) compared to the non-smoker and light-smoker. The DVS (Dietary Variety Score) of heavy-smoker (26.8) was significantly lower than that 30.4 of non-smoker and 31.5 of light-smoker (p<0.01). In conclusion, heavy-smoker man have low intake status of vitamin C, calcium and potassium, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diet to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in heavy- smoker.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.100-109
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the factors that predict a current smoking behavior and higher emotional stress among male patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: The study was approved by an institutional review board from a university hospital, 2010. A face to face interview using questionnaires was performed with 185 first-time ACS male patients who were undertaken a percutaneous coronary intervention at a cardiovascular care unit. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 15.0. Results: About 54% of the study subjects were currently smoking. The current smokers had dyslipidemia and reported bad eating habits compared to the non-smokers. The current smokers were younger, living alone, and reported lower perceived benefit on smoking cessation than the non-smokers, and 15% of them did not consider quitting (precontemplation stage). Smoking status was not significantly related to emotional stress. Logistic regression analysis revealed that being employed including professional or labor increased the odds of current smoking four or three times compared to the non-employed or retired. Low income or dyslipidemia also increased the likelihood of current smoking 2.8 and 2.1 times, respectively. Blue collar workers or heavy drinkers had 2.9 and 2.8 times more risks of having higher level of stress. Conclusion: An occupational background and health habits should be considered to develop an effective educational strategy for smoking cessation and stress reduction among male patients with ACS.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.155-166
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• 2023

Purpose: Although heated tobacco product (HTP) use among adolescents is an emerging public health problem, little is known about the frequency and quantity of HTP use. Thus, we investigated the associations between the frequency and quantity of HTP use and smoking characteristics (i.e., combustible cigarette [CC] and electronic cigarette [EC] use, and attempts to quit smoking) among CC-smoking adolescents. Methods: We analyzed nationally representative data from 2,470 Korean adolescents who were current CC smokers. To investigate our aim, we conducted multinomial logistic and logistic regression analyses. Results: We found that daily and heavier CC users had greater likelihoods of more frequent and heavier HTP use. In addition, dual users of CCs and ECs were more likely to use HTPs more frequently and heavily than CC users who did not use ECs. Moreover, daily EC users had the highest risk of frequent and heavy HTP use. The frequency and quantity of HTP use were not associated with attempts to quit smoking. Compared to CC-only use, dual use of CCs and HTPs was not associated with quitting attempts, and triple use of CCs, ECs, and HTPs was associated with a lower likelihood of quitting attempts. Conclusion: HTP use was less likely to displace CC use and promote attempts to quit smoking. Thus, strict regulations are required to prevent the promotion of HTPs as a substitute for CCs or as a means of quitting smoking. Additionally, health professionals should consider preventive interventions for HTP, as well as CC and EC use among adolescents.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2012

There is growing evidence that substance use such as tobacco or alcohol consumption influences health disparity among adolescents. Previous research papers have shown an inconsistency in the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and substance use in adolescents. However, little is known about socio-economic differences in unhealthy behaviors among Korean adolescents. The purpose of the present study is to explore associations between SES and substance use in Korean adolescents. The analysis was performed using data from the 2009 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (YRBS), which included a nationally representative sample of middle and high school students. Drinking/heavy drinking and smoking/daily smoking behavior indices were used for dependent variables, and perceived economic status, family affluence score, parents' education were used for independent variables. Chi-square test were used to compare tobacco and alcohol consumption among 3 SES groups. Logistic regression models were used to identify statistically significant socio-economic factors after adjusting other covariates. Higher perceived economic status and higher family affluence were associated with higher rates of smoking, daily smoking, drinking, and heavy drinking, while lower level of parents' education was related to higher use of tobacco and alcohol. Socio-economic status significantly influences health behaviors in adolescents, and it may consequently affect health disparity in their adulthood. Therefore, there is a need of continuous monitoring and follow-up research of health disparity among adolescents.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.270-278
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personality characteristics on drinking patterns and drinking-related problems Subjects were selected through convenience sampling from the two universities in Kyung-Ki area Data were collected from Nov. 1st to Dec. 20th 2000 using a structured questionnaire that including general characteristics, Q-F(Quantity-Frequency) Methods, Personality Scales and Drinking-related Problem Scales. The results of this study show 1. 50.8% of subjects were heavy drinkers. 2. Heavy drinker scores higher on drinking-related problems and amount of smoking than light drinkers. 3. The Drinking patterns and drinking-related problems of heavy drinkers were selected to the influence of a depressive-tendency in personality and the amount of smoking. The results of this study suggest that the drinking-related problems of male university students are selected to the influence of depressive and anti-social characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary that further study on various nursing interventions be done and that personality be taken into consideration in developing programs aimed of preventing drinking-related problems in heavy drinkers.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in men with Diabetes Mellitus and to examine the relationships among those variables. Method: The subject consisted of 152 adult men with diabetes mellitus. Q-F methods and FTQ was used to measure the level of alcohol consumption and nicotine dependency. The amount of smoking was measured by the number of cigarette packs used per week. Results: Prevalence of drinking was 63.6% and in the current drinkers, 34.4% were heavy drinkers. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 36.2% with a mean of 6.03 packs per week. Twenty percent of the smokers were dependent on nicotine. Subjects who had complications or other diseases drank alcohol more than who had not. There was a positive relationship between the level of smoking and nicotine dependency. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking is a serious health problem in men with diabetes. It is necessary to have an educational approach for controlling drinking and smoking in diabetes patients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2019

Objectives: To identify simultaneous behavioral changes in alcohol consumption, smoking, and weight using a fixed-effect model and to characterize their associations with disease status. Methods: This study included 7 000 529 individuals who participated in the national biennial health-screening program every 2 years from 2009 to 2016 and were aged 40 or more. We reconstructed the data into an individual-level panel dataset with 4 waves. We used a fixed-effect model for smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, and overweight. The independent variables were sex, age, lifestyle factors, insurance contribution, employment status, and disease status. Results: Becoming a high-risk drinker and losing weight were associated with initiation or resumption of smoking. Initiation or resumption of smoking and weight gain were associated with non-high-risk drinkers becoming high-risk drinkers. Smoking cessation and becoming a high-risk drinker were associated with normal-weight participants becoming overweight. Participants with newly acquired diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and cancer tended to stop smoking, discontinue high-risk drinking, and return to a normal weight. Conclusions: These results obtained using a large-scale population-based database documented interactions among lifestyle factors over time.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.54-63
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• 1990

This study aims to find out the prevalence of smoking, and to analyze the effect of smoking for health status, and then to emphasize the necessity of stop smoking. The data used in this study are obtained from periodic health care programe at Health Care Center in a suburban hospital, and selected 435 males who have occupation. The independent varibles chosen for the analysis are general charactersitic variables and smoking habit. The dependent variables are designed to cover the health status of individual cases, and include blood pressure, blood cholesterol level with HDL-cholesterol and blood triglyceride level, recent symptoms and recently being managed diseases. The result of this study are summarized as follows. 1) Percentage of smoker by the age groups is highest in 4th decade, being 71.1%. The second and third ranks are 6th and 7th decades, being 53.5% and 44.4%, respectively. 2) In the view of socio-economic levels, smoking rate is higher in the groups who live at rural area and whoes occupation is labor or merchant. Smoking rate is significantly higher in the heavy drinking group. 3) Among the atherosclerotic risk factors, which include hypertension, HDL-cholesterol by total cholesterol ratio lower than 0.2 and triglyceride level higher than 200gm/dl, hypertension was not statistically associated with smoking, but others revealed statistically high association with smoking. 4) The groups who have the symptoms of severe fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, palpitation and chest tightness havepositive association with smoking. 5) The groups who have hypertension with cardiovascular diseases and gastrointestinal diseases showed highly significant association with non-smoking. 6) In relation of the smoking habit to the atherosclerotic risk factor index, smokers have more atherosclerotic risk factors, but that is not statistically significant. 7) In relation of the smoking habit to the recent symptom index, smokers have more symptoms than non-smokers with statistical significance. In conclusion, smokers have worse health status than non-smokers especially in the atherosclerotic risk factors such as hypertension or abnormal blood lipid status and have more symptoms such as severe fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, palpitation and chest tightness. And the campaingn against smoking should direct for the male in 4th decade because they have highest smoking rate.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.565-574
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• 2011

This study analyzed the concentration of the heavy metals(Cd, Hg, iAs) of urine(n=576) from May, 2007 to Oct 2007. The subject was residents in G, Y, H industrial area, Jeollanam-do, in which exposure due to the adjacency of the industrial complex. As to the heavy metal concentration in the urine of the residents in the whole exposed region and the comparing region, the content of cadmium, mercury, and inorganic arsenic in the exposed region group were 1.23, 1.85, and 8.80 ${\mu}g$/g_ct respectively, and those of the comparing region group were 1.87, 2.00, and 8.93 ${\mu}g$/g_ct respectively, which indicates that the concentration of the comparing group was higher than that of the exposed group. The heavy metal concentration for each age group increased in proportion to age except those under 10 for some substances(p<0.01). As to geometric mean concentration cadmium and inorganic arsenic in urine according to the smoking history of the subject, the concentration of the smoking group and the non-smoking group were 1.65 ${\mu}g$/g_ct and 9.13 ${\mu}g$/g_ct respectively, while those of the non-smoking group were 1.47 ${\mu}g$/g_ct and 8.91 ${\mu}g$/g_ct respectively, which indicates that the former is higher than the latter. As to the inorganic arsenic concentration in urine according to the food preference, in order of vegetable, fish, and meat showed high concentration (p<0.01). To clarify the factors affecting the heavy metal concentration in urine among the subjects, the multiple regression analysis was conducted. As a result, it turned out that as to cadmium content in urine, gender, age, drinking, and smoking have influence on the subjects, with explanatory adequacy of 37.5 %.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.245-258
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• 2010

흡연은 전신뿐 아니라 구강에서 발생하는 다양한 질병의 중요한 위험 인자이며, 치과의사가 금연 치료에 참여하는 것은 개인의 전신 건강과 치주치료와 임플란트 치료 같은 치과 치료의 예후에도 큰 차이를 보여주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 흡연이 구강암과 같은 생명을 위협하는 비교적 흔치 않은 질병으로부터 경미한 구강 내 증상에 이르기까지 구강 환경에 다양한 영향성과 관련한 많은 근거가 있음에도 불구하고, 흡연과 구강건강의 관련성에 대한 환자들의 인식 수준을 조사한 연구는 적고, 금연진료에 대한 국내 치의학계의 관심과 참여는 더욱 부족하다. 그러므로 본 연구는 국내 치과 외래 환자의 흡연 양상과 치과계의 금연 진료 현황을 파악하여 금연 진료 방향을 모색해 보고자 하였다. 대한치과의사협회 문화복지부의 후원으로 전국 11개 치과대학병원의 구강내과, 구강외과 및 치주과 환자 중 825명이 니코틴 패치를 이용한 4주 금연 프로그램 및 설문에 참여하였고, 297명이 금연 설문에 참여하였다. 각 설문지 분석을 통해 각 치과대학병원의 조사 현황, 치과 외래 환자의 흡연 양상을 분석하였고, 치과에서 시행된 4주간의 금연 치료의 참여목적과 성공률을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르면, 흡연자는 주로 30-50대 중 장년층이 많았고, 흡연기간은 연령 증가에 비례하며, 하루 흡연량은 30대에서 가장 많았다. 금연시도는 30,40대에서 금연시도 비율이 높았고 그 기간은 대부분 1-3개월이었다. 흡연의 이유로는 스트레스 해소와 습관이 가장 높은 빈도를 보였으며 Heavy Smoking Index (HSI)는 20대가 가장 낮고 (71.4%) 60대가 가장 높았다(93.7%). 흡연 경고 문구에 대해 참가자의 68%는 금연을 떠올렸다. 구강질환(구강점막질환, 치주질환, 치아우식증)과 흡연의 관련성에 대한 실험참가자들의 인식도는 비교적 높았지만(50~68%) 금연 성공률은 일반 의과진료실에 비해 아주 낮은 결과를 보였다(22.7%). 흡연관련 질환 예방 업무에서의 치과의사의 중요성을 고려할 때, 금연치료에 치과의사들이 보다 적극적으로 참여할 수 있는 인식의 변화가 필요하다. 낮은 치료 성공율이 체계화되지 못한 진료내용 때문임을 고려할 때, 5As' 방법 등과 같은 금연관련 상담에 대한 지속적인 치과의사 교육과 환자 교육을 위한 다양한 자료의 개발을 통해 금연 성공률을 높일 수 있도록 해야 한다.