• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

Objectives : Deciding whether a year will be a Normal Qi Year is an important task within the study of Five Periods. Normal Qi Year, a period of peace and calmness, comes when a given year's elements are neither excessive nor deficient. There is, however, no unified definition for Normal Qi Year. This paper is written to propose a definition that could serve as such. Methods : Somunyukgihyunjumileo, various masters' opinions, and conventional Chinese scholars' claims were studied based on Hwnagjenaegyeong to produce this paper. Results : Within The Year of Sehoi(歲會年), only four years are Normal Qi Years and the other four years are not Normal Qi Years. The six years of Jehwa(齊化) are all Normal Qi Years because excessive elements are suppressed. The six years of Donghwa are all Normal Qi Years because deficient elements are bolstered. The years of Dongsehoi (同歲會) are all Normal Qi Years. All of the six elemental deficient years of the Year of Sunhwa(順化年), when the energy of Heaven emanates elements, are all Normal Qi Years. Conclusions : Not counting the overlapping Normal Qi Years during a periodical circle of 60 years, there is a total of 23 Normal Qi Years: the years of Eulchuk(乙丑), Jeongmyo(丁卯), Mujin(戊辰), Gyeongo(庚午), Shinmi(辛未), Gyeyu(癸酉), Eulyu(乙酉), Jeonghe(丁亥), Gichuk(己丑), Gyeongin(庚寅), Shimnyo(辛卯), Gyesa(癸巳), Eulmi(乙未), Musul(戊戌), Gyeongja(庚子), Shinchuk(辛丑), Gyemyo(癸卯), Eulmyo(乙卯), Jeongsa(丁巳), Gimi(己未), Gyeongshin(庚申), Shinyu(辛酉), and Gyehye(癸亥).

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 1981

It is of great significance to perform a ceremony with the utmost honor in every society and the fact is that ancient Koreans executed sacrificial rites to natural scenery with primitive reilgious things from the beginning of Korean history. Minute records on the various ceremonies to the Koryeo Dynasty are found in Koryeodogyeong and it might be said that there were no standing rules and the many ceremonies were resorted to an expedient, because in the Yi Dynasty the first codified ceremonial lawbook, Kukjooryeeui was formalized and after then all the ceremonies and formalities were carried out by the referential rules of the above-mentioned Kukjooryeeui. After the imperial enthronement of Kojong, all the ceremonial goods and flags symbolizing the heaven and auspicious animals-authority and fortune-were made by Daemyeongjibyei, which are found at Changdeokgung now. There are no remarkable differences in the Yi Dynasty between the records at the beginning and the remaines at the last stage, which shows once-fixed standing rules were kept faithfully to the end. The main patterns used on flags were of imaginary animals such as dragon, indicating the wish that countless authority and fortune should be realized. This is the former part of the study on the ceremonial flags in the Yi Dynasty and I hope the detailed idea and symbolic meaning concerning the flags will be discussed later.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2020

Storytelling, a medium that arouses the customers' purchasing need by playing on their emotions, is the best content that can be used as it can increase the value of goods using information. This paper's significance is that it suggests cultural products that can be used by using Baeke relic Jinmyosu (Guard Animals) as a motif. The purpose was to present the possibility of high value-added cultural products using storytelling techniques. This study developed storytelling by adding the meaning of Jinmyo and Beoksa, who calm protected their masters from evil forces with horns and wings, and has the meaning of ascending into heaven and guiding the soul on the right path. That image gives a glimpse of originality and differentiation to Baekje. This study proposed 4 cultural products as 'Keeper Stone Mason' and 4 'Stone Mason Teller.' The proposed cultural products can help to give correct awareness of Baekje culture through a correct understanding of the historical significance of the Baeke relic, Jinmyosu. Moreover, it will help promote the originality and excellence of Baekje culture around the world by enhancing the value of Baekje culture. This study is expected to be used as a guideline for further research on developing cultural products that can create added value in various fields.

• 복식
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2006

This study purposed to examine Korean people's white clothes custom historically and to explain the aesthetic consciousness latent in the custom. Korean people preferred white clothes, even up to foreigners called them White-clad folk. Not only as in old historical literatures, but also in Soo-suh, Shin-Dang-suh including Sam-Kuk-Ji in China, white clothes were a real symbol to Korean people, ranging chronically far back to the age of ancient tribal countries, Sam-Kuk Period through Koryo Dynasty and even to modern age near the end of Chosun Dynasty, wearing with pleasure regardless of age, sex or social position. Even King himself in Koryo Dynasty is said to have worn white clothes when he was out of official hours. During the Koryo and Chosun Dynasty, white clothes were sometimes prohibited for various reasons including conflicts with the theories of yin-yang and the five elements but such regulations were not effective. To Korean people, white clothes were ordinary people's everyday dress as well as noble people's plain suits, saints' uniforms with religious meanings, ceremonial costumes, funeral garments, etc. The various uses show that white clothes have been worn by many people. The unique custom that a People have worn white clothes consistently for such a long time may contain very deep symbolic meanings representing the people's sentiments and spirits. The present study understood that the meanings come from religious sacredness, magical wish for brightness, the pursuit of purity originating from the people's national traits, assimilation with nature and the will to attain whole ascetic personality. Aesthetic attitudes based on aesthetic values summed up as sacredness, brightness, purity, assimilation with nature, asceticism, etc. are the aesthetic consciousness pursued by Koreans through their white clothes. For Koreans, white color is the origin of their color sense coming from primitive religions such as worshipping the sun and the heaven. In this way, Korean people's preference for white clothes began with primitive religions, was mixed with various social, cultural and religious influences and finally was settled as their durable spirit, symbol and beauty.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제22권
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• pp.1-32
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• 2014

This paper is searching the meaning of Gangseong(姜聖) which came from Gucheon Sangje(九天上帝, the Lord and Creator of the Great Origin of the Ninth Heaven) incarnated in the Gang(姜) family. To study the meaning of Gangseong(姜聖), this paper concentrate on Maitreya(彌勒尊佛) and the sentence about Wonsibanbon(原始返本) Sangje's incarnation in the Gang's family appeared on term Gangseong in the middle of divinity terms(九天應元雷聲普化天尊姜聖上帝). Furthermore, Sangje's surname Gangseong(姜姓) has relation with Maitreya and the sentence about Wonsibanbon. What Maitreya has relation with Gangseong(姜聖) is the legendary poem that Maitreya Statue became complete woman(六丈金佛 化爲全女) and what Wensibanbon has relation with Gangseong is the fact that family name Gang is primary surname all over the world's human beings. Wonsibanbon comprises correction of family lineage and theocracy(政敎一致) which came from tracing and reviving the beginning. As a primary family name, Sangje's incarnation family name Gang plays a leading edge role of religious activity of Sangje because primary family name Gang represents the one and only Truth(眞法) or the principle of Wensibanbon which means the union[unity] of religion and politics(政敎一致), and combining saintliness and heroism (聖雄兼備). According to the one and only Truth(眞法) like this, the first emergence and role of the completely "DoTongKunJa" (道通君子, the perfection of man with Dotong) who Sang-Je declared will build the union[unity] of religion and politics shows realization of advance-oriented salvation. Under the principle of Yangsan(兩山, twin mountain, 甑山, 鼎山, the three-story Maitreya Statue of Geumsan Temple) which implies emergence of the completely "DoTongKunJa"(道通君子) who will accomplish the union[unity] of religion and politics(政敎一致), combining saintliness and heroism(聖雄兼備) and advent of the one and only Truth(眞法出現). This could be possible by the almighty of Sangje who incarnated in Gang's family name according to the principle of Wensibanbon from the text Jeonkyung(典經) as shown. Adjusting family lineage (血統) means to straighten out the relation between ancestors and descendants, and which has close relation with the activity after Sangje's incarnation in Gang's family name according to the principle of Wensibanbon. As far as family lineage was concerned, there are three aspects of close relation between ancestors and descendants. First, general connection between ancestors and descendants, Second Dotong(道通)-related connection, Third after -death entrance(冥府)-related connection. Descendants should know a family history from moral laws of family relationships(天倫) by the Compatibility principle. As for second Dotong-related connection between ancestors and descendants, the fact descendants' Dotong can be accomplished by the act of ancestors' charity shows human beings world(人間界) where descendants live has close organic relation with divine world(神明界) where ancestors live. As for third after-death entrance-related connection between ancestors and descendants, after-death entrance are totally related with both Heavenly order(天道) of ancestors and Humane-order(人道) of descendants. At this point, we can see the relation between ancestors and descendants are very close and organic. As shown from the text Jeonkyung, Sangje as Gucheon Sangje(九天上帝, the Lord and Creator of the Great Origin of the Ninth Heaven) and Maitreya(彌勒尊佛) has descended to the earth adopting Gang's family name according to principle Wensibanbon. By Sangje's incarnation in Gang's family name, the legitimacy of the religion and the perfection of Do could be successed under the law of Yangsan(兩山). Furthermore, Sangje realize the one and only Truth by Adjusting family lineage and producing the completely "true man" through Cheonji Gongsa.

• 호스피스학술지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

Prupose: The purpose of this study was to identify signs and symptoms of hospice patients during their dying processes. Method: The subjects of this study were 76 patients who received hospice care services in 2 different hospice care programs in Seoul area. Data was obtained from January, 1999 to June, 2001 by hospice nurse's observation, interviews with patient's primary caregiver and hospice volunteers, patient's self report, nursing records and questionnaires which had been developed by selecting from various references and refining them based on the result of preliminay studies. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS PC+ program and content analysis. Results: Mean lengths of hospice patient's dying process were 3.6 days. Physical signs and symptoms of hospice patients during their dying processes were 'increased sleep'(89.5%), 'decreased oral intake of food'(88.2%) and 'liquids'(86.8%), 'change of respiration'(82.9%), 'decreased urine output'(80.3%), 'cold extremities'(69.7%), 'death rattle'(67.1%), 'cyanosis'(57.9%), 'restlessness'(55.3%), etc. And psychological, spiritual and social signs and symptoms were 'decreased interpersonal relationships'(61.8%), 'panorama of memories from childhood'(60.5%), 'experiences as like hallucination'(56.5%), 'saying bye with family'(69.7%), 'forgiveness', 'make a will', etc. Experiences as like hallucination were seemed not as dream but reality were shown by 43 dying patients. They had experienced to see and to talk with their deceased mother(18.6%) and/or relatives(30.2%), angels(20.9%), heaven(11.6%), old house in which they had lived, someone from the world beyond with black clothes, etc. Conclusion: The above results indicate that death of hospice patients is ongoing process with dying signs and symptoms during several days contains not only in physical aspects but also among psychological, spiritual and social aspects including family dynamics.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2011

Fast industrialization caused from Descartes' dichotomy has enormously developed our world, but endangered the ecosystem. In this study, the ecosystem aesthetics is not only a critique against existing growth-ideology and technical civilization, but also the art pursuing the life as an artistic state and achieving the dream for qualitatively different new future. Lao-tzu's Natural Beauty assumes that the adaptation to natural laws can lead every purpose's achievement. Based on such theoretical alternative, the earth construction as a medium for coexisting mankind, nature and construction interacts with the other objects through the natural affinity, the energy efficiency, the material generation. The earth construction provides the images of naivety, naturalness, folk as well as emotional stability in cultural terms. This study's direction and method are as follows. First, it researches the ecosystem aesthetics from the Taoism viewpoint, the alternative for environmental healing based on theoretical reviews about the ecosystem aesthetics. Second, it researches the earth construction's ecosystem aesthetic features and construction features from the low-tech aspect in continual construction genealogy. Third, it analyzes some cases targeting domestic buildings by drawing out expression methods and features through the connectivity of earth construction and ecosystem aesthetics. The earth construction lies between the heaven and the earth, but coexists in natural cycle. The earth construction caused from ecosystem aesthetics will be a future alterative, and various studies about its features and methods should be continued.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.603-622
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• 2013

Egg is a food that has been loved from ancient times by people all around the world. It has been called a present from god because its rounded shape was believed to refer to the earth. We found the oldest and most perfectly preserved egg fossil at Chunmachong (天馬) in Kyungju (慶州). We believe that it was used during the period of the Three States or the unified Silla (新羅), and, accordingly, it was a noble food that has been found at the king's grave of the age. Egg, which is called egg of chicken in Korean, was written as egg of chicken (鷄卵), son of chicken (鷄子), bird's egg of chicken (鷄蛋), and round thing of chicken (鷄丸) in the Korean alphabet and Chinese characters. The ancient countries had the following myths about eggs In myths about offspring by egg, they were born as heaven's will to make them god. There were 19 proverbs: 'Hitting a rock with an egg', 'It's like the yellow part of an egg' and 'Even an egg stops when it rolls', etc. According to a theory of divination based on topography, people use eggs when they find a good place. There are 10 proverbs (四字 成語): Dongjiipran (冬至立卵), Nanyeoseoktu (卵與石投) etc. Studies for analysis of egg recipes found in the old literature (cooking, agriculture and fishing, and medical books) in the Chosun Dynasty recorded 36 times where cuisine with egg was mentioned as the main ingredient, 154 times as a sub-ingredient, 79 times as a garnish, and 20 times etc. As a garnish, they were 'finely sliced', 'thin rectangular and the rhombus form', and 'rounded shape'; after grilling they were divided into yellow and white parts. When cooked, they were used in comparison of the size or shape of an object with that of other objects.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제28집
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• pp.133-163
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• 2017

본 논문은 대순사상에서 중요한 상생 개념을 헤겔 철학 체계에서 생명과 정신의 관계를 규명함으로써 그 의미를 학문적 체계의 입장에서 조명해 보는 것이다. 대순사상에서 상생은 천·지·인 삼계가 서로 소통하지 못하여 생긴 상극과 원통함이 해소되어 지향해야 할 중요한 원리이다. 상생하기 위해서 우선 원통한 마음을 풀어야 하고, 원통한 마음을 풀기 위해서 우선 척을 풀어야 한다는 삼계의 내적 관계를 규정하는 이러한 범주들을 헤겔 체계 내부의 조밀한 개념들과 비교하는 것은 두 사상이 어느 정도 보편적인지 평가할 수 있는 가치 있는 시도이다. 본 논문은 헤겔의 생명, 자기 내면으로 회귀하는 정신, 인정투쟁을 대순사상의 천지신명, 해원, 상생과 비교하며 두 사상의 유사한 점과 차이를 해명하고 있다. 대순사상에서 천지는 인간 존재의 물질적이고 생태적인 토대이고 신명은 천지만물의 생명성과 인간존재의 정신성의 토대를 이룬다는 점에서 헤겔이 자연철학과 정신철학에서 생명을 다루는 의도와 유사점을 가지고 있다. 헤겔은 자연철학에서 자연을 여러 단계들로 이루어진 체계로 그리고 자연 전체를 생동하는 것으로 이해하고 있다. 헤겔은 자연적 생명을 외적으로 전개된 자연의 최고의 구체적 단계로 간주하며 정신과 관계하는 정신의 생명과 구별하여 다룬다. 하지만 헤겔은 천지자연에 속하는 모든 것이 신명의 세계로 환원되어질 수 있다고 간주하지 않을 뿐만 아니라, 학적으로 논리적 생명을 자연적 생명과 정신의 생명과 구분하여 다룰 수 있다고 주장한다. 두 번째로 본 논문은 헤겔 철학에서 자연의 진리이며 자기 내면으로 회귀하며 자신을 인식하는 정신의 자기 전개 과정을 대순사상에서 인간의 본질인 원을 해소하는 것뿐만 아니라, 천지에 누적된 원 역시 해소하여 새로운 세계를 만든다는 해원사상과 비교하여 그 공통된 기반과 차이점을 제시하고 있다. 공통점은 천지자연과 정신으로서의 혼 또는 신명의 이중적 관계에서 찾을 수 있다. 이 이중적 측면은 동물적 유기체의 주관적 생명을 포함한 천지자연이 한편으로 수단으로 있으면서 정신으로서의 혼과 대립하는 측면과 다른 한편으로 정신과 일체를 이루며 정신의 토대를 형성하는 측면을 의미한다. 이 이원성은 대순사상에서 천·지·인의 근원적 실체를 마음으로 간주하는 것과 관련된다. 헤겔도 영혼을 자연의 보편적 비물질성으로 간주하며 자기 내면으로 회귀하는 근거를 정신에서 찾고 있다. 하지만 두 사상의 차이는 헤겔이 자기 내면으로 회귀하는 정신을 서술하는 정신철학에서 인간 개체가 가지고 있는 원의 해소에 전혀 관심을 기울이지 않는다는 데에 있다. 세 번째로 헤겔 철학에서 두 주체가 상호 인정 투쟁을 통해 각자가 가지고 있는 개별적이고 주아적인 의지를 지양하고 보편적 자기의식에 도달하는 과정을 대순사상에서 두 주체의 상생으로 해석할 수 있는지 논하였다. 상생이 주체와 타자가 공통적으로 잘 될 수 있는 실천적 원리라는 의미에서 다른 자기 속에서 자기 자신을 긍정적으로 파악하는 보편적 자기의식과 공통점을 볼 수가 있다. 하지만 헤겔이 상호인정과 상호인정을 위한 투쟁과 승인의 과정을 각 주체가 보편적 자기의식에 도달하기 위한 필연적인 계기로 간주한다는 점에서 두 사상의 차이를 조명하였다.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제47집
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• pp.203-239
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• 2023

조정산의 '구세제민'을 중심으로 이글에서 논의한 조정산의 포교공부를 세 가지로 요약해 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조정산이 구세제민을 위해 강증산 구천상제를 신앙의 대상으로 봉안하고 종단을 창설하여 강증산이 천지공사로 짜놓은 도수를 풀어 천지대도(天地大道)의 대체(大體)를 포교활동을 통해 인세에 정립한 데 있다. 이는 '본립이도생(本立而道生)'이라는 말과 같이 응원(應元)이며 시원(始原)인 강증산의 구세제민의 강세 목적을 따라 50년 공부를 통한 대사회적 종교활동이 조정산의 포교공부이다. 둘째, 1917년 4월에 강증산은 득도한 조정산에게 '태인에 가서 나를 찾으라'고 하였는데, 이는 구세제민과 관련해서 특별한 어떤 의미가 있음을 보여주는 계시로 강증산의 신앙대상화를 의미한다. 양산도의 원리로 보면, 대순(大巡)사상에서는 강증산이 영(靈)으로 머물렀다는 미륵전 미륵금불은 증산(甑山)을 상징하고, 미륵전 미륵금불을 받치고 있는 철 연화대 즉 솥은 정산(鼎山)을 상징한다고 설명하고 있다. 미륵금불 격(格)에 해당되는 강증산이 종통계승자로 정한 인물을 미리 1917년에 득도케 하여 솥(鼎) 격에 해당되는 조정산이 다시 미륵불 격에 해당되는 강증산이 어떤 신격위인가를 인세에서 종단이라는 형태를 통해 신앙의 대상으로 정립한 행적이 된다. 양산도를 현세에 본격적으로 이루어 나가는 일이 무극도가 창도됨으로써 이루어지게 된 것이다. 셋째, 조정산 자신이 직접 사회적 현장에 다가가 숭고한 강증산의 제민(濟民) 및 화민(化民)의 정신을 실천한 면에 있다. 이는 조정산이 사회에 근본이 되는 천지대도를 세워나가며 구세제민의 요체를 세운 것과 함께, 창생의 삶의 현실을 목도하고 대사회적 활동을 실현함이다.