• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.162-172
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• 2012

This paper presents a research about free piston linear engine (FPLE) fueled with hydrogen, in which, the numerical models are built to simulate the operation during the full stroke of the engine. Dynamic model, linear alternator model and thermodynamic model are used as the numerical models to predict piston velocity, in-cylinder pressure and electric power of FPLE. The spark timing and air gap length are changed to provide information for the prediction. Beside, the heat transfer problem is also investigated in the paper. The results of research are divided by two parts, including motoring mode and firing mode. The result of motoring mode showed that there is validation between simulation and experiment for volume and pressure in cylinder. For firing mode, by increasing spark timing, the velocity of piston, peak pressure and electric power also increase respectively. Beside, when increasing air gap length, the electric power increases accordingly while the motion of piston is not symmetric. The effect of heat transfer also observed clearly by reducing of the peak pressure, velocity of piston and electric power.

• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.471-479
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• 2014

A road surface temperature prediction model (UM-Road) using input data of the Unified Model (UM) output and road physical properties is developed and verified with the use of the observed data at road weather information system. The UM outputs of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, downward shortwave radiation, net longwave radiation, precipitation and the road properties such as slope angles, albedo, thermal conductivity, heat capacity at maximum 7 depth are used. The net radiation is computed by a surface radiation energy balance, the ground heat flux at surface is estimated by a surface energy balance based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity, the ground heat transfer process is applied to predict the road surface temperature. If the observed road surface temperature exists, the simulated road surface temperature is corrected by mean bias during the last 24 hours. The developed UM-Road is verified using the observed data at road side for the period from 21 to 31 March 2013. It is found that the UM-Road simulates the diurnal trend and peak values of road surface temperature very well and the 50% (90%) of temperature difference lies within ${\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ (${\pm}2.5^{\circ}C$) except for precipitation case.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.128-140
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• 1997

A new super compact condenser(SCC), which has been developed recently is especially suitable for an alternative refrigerant HFC-134a due to its high performance and compactness. The SCC is composed of two pipe headers, baffles, narrow multi-rectangular channels, and louvered fin arrays. Alternating inlet and outlet by the inserted baffles in pipe headers guide refrigerant to and from the narrow multi-rectangular channels. Since the flow rate and its lengh are changed depending on the number and location of baffles, the corresponding pressure drop and heat transfer rate are changed. The present study aims to theoretically and experimentally investigate the effects of baffle location and its number on the pressure drop and thermal performance of the SCC with 40 multi-rectangular channels. The results show that the present method provides an acceptable prediction of pressure drop and heat transfer rate for a 4 pass SCC. However, the model significantly under predicts the performance of a 3 pass SCC, which may be attributed to the phase separation of refrigerant flowing through header pipes. Pressure drop is more signifi- cantly influenced than heat transfer rate by the baffle location.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2003

Heat regenerator occupied by regenerative materials improves thermal efficiency of regenerative combustion system through the recovery of heat of exhaust gaset. By using one-dimensional two-phase fluid dynamics model, the unsteady thermal flow of heat regenerator with spherical particles, was numerically simulated to evaluate the heat transfer and pressure drop and thereby to suggest the parameter for designing heat regenerator. It takes about 7 hours for the steady state of the flow field in regenerator, in which heat absorption of regenerative particle is concurrent with the same magnitude of heat desorption. The regenerative particle experiences small temperature fluctuation below 10 K during the reversing process. The performance of thermal flow in heat regenerator varies with inlet velocity of exhaust gas and air, configuration of regenerator (cross-sectional area and length) and diameter of regenerative particle. As the gas velocity increases, the heat transfer between gas and particle enhances and with the increase the pressure losses. As particle diameter decreases, the air is preheated higher and the exhaust gases are cooled more with the increase of pressure losses.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.327-340
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• 2017

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2016. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of flow, heat and mass transfer, the reduction of pollutant exhaust gas, cooling and heating, the renewable energy system and the flow around buildings. CFD schemes were used more for all research areas. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results of the long-term performance variation of the plate-type enthalpy exchange element made of paper, design optimization of an extruded-type cooling structure for reducing the weight of LED street lights, and hot plate welding of thermoplastic elastomer packing. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, the heat transfer characteristics of a finned-tube heat exchanger in a PCM (phase change material) thermal energy storage system, influence of flow boiling heat transfer on fouling phenomenon in nanofluids, and PCM at the simultaneous charging and discharging condition were studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, one-dimensional flow network model and porous-media model, and R245fa in a plate-shell heat exchanger were studied. (3) Various studies were published in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration/energy system, system control. In the refrigeration cycle category, subjects include mobile cold storage heat exchanger, compressor reliability, indirect refrigeration system with $CO_2$ as secondary fluid, heat pump for fuel-cell vehicle, heat recovery from hybrid drier and heat exchangers with two-port and flat tubes. In the alternative refrigeration/energy system category, subjects include membrane module for dehumidification refrigeration, desiccant-assisted low-temperature drying, regenerative evaporative cooler and ejector-assisted multi-stage evaporation. In the system control category, subjects include multi-refrigeration system control, emergency cooling of data center and variable-speed compressor control. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, fifteenth studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, renewable energies, etc. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which could be help for improving the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the analyses of indoor thermal environments controlled by portable cooler, the effects of outdoor wind pressure in airflow at high-rise buildings, window air tightness related to the filling piece shapes, stack effect in core type's office building and the development of a movable drawer-type light shelf with adjustable depth of the reflector. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy consumption analysis in office building, the prediction of exit air temperature of horizontal geothermal heat exchanger, LS-SVM based modeling of hot water supply load for district heating system, the energy saving effect of ERV system using night purge control method and the effect of strengthened insulation level to the building heating and cooling load.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.144-149
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• 2011

This study aims to evaluate performance of ventilation and thermal about breathing wall by flowing air to indoor on appropriate conditions that is effective aperture area in the Central region(20, 50, $80cm^2/m^2$). The result is as follows : 1) Sectional temperature distribution of inflow and outflow out under the constant ventilation was reviewed. In the case of inflow, outside temperature increase effect was confirmed. 2) The more differences of temperature between outdoor and indraft of air was high, the more heat recovery was high.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.27-39
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• 2022

The smart farm is recognized as a solution for future farmers having positive effects on the sustainability of the poultry industry. Intelligent microclimate control can be a key technology for broiler production which is extremely vulnerable to abnormal indoor air temperatures. Furthermore, better control of indoor microclimate can be achieved by accurate prediction of indoor air temperature. This study developed predictive models for internal air temperature in a mechanically-ventilated broiler house based on the data measured during three rearing periods, which were different in seasonal climate and ventilation operation. Three machine learning models and a mechanistic model based on thermal energy balance were used for the prediction. The results indicated that the all models gave good predictions for 1-minute future air temperature showing the coefficient of determination greater than 0.99 and the root-mean-square-error smaller than 0.306℃. However, for 1-hour future air temperature, only the mechanistic model showed good accuracy with the coefficient of determination of 0.934 and the root-mean-square-error of 0.841℃. Since the mechanistic model was based on the mathematical descriptions of the heat transfer processes that occurred in the broiler house, it showed better prediction performances compared to the black-box machine learning models. Therefore, it was proven to be useful for intelligent microclimate control which would be developed in future studies.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2017

In this research, thermal design data such as heat transfer coefficient on the wall surface required for ventilation system design which is to prevent the temperature rise in the underground utility tunnel that three sides are adjoined with the ground was investigated in numerical analalysis. The numerical model has been devised including the tunnel lining of the underground utility tunnel in order to take account for the heat transfer in the tunnel walls. The air temperature in the tunnel, wall temperature, and the heating value through the wall based on heating value(117~468 kW/km) of the power cable installed in the tunnel and the wind speed in the tunnel(0.5~4.0 m/s) were calculated by CFD simulation. In addition, the wall heat transfer coefficient was computed from the results analysis, and the limit distance used to keep the air temperature in the tunnel stable was examined through the research. The convective heat transfer coefficient at the wall surface shows unstable pattern at the inlet area. However, it converges to a constant value beyond approximately 100 meter. The tunnel wall heat transfer coefficient is $3.1{\sim}9.16W/m^2^{\circ}C$ depending on the wind speed, and following is the dimensionless number:$Nu=1.081Re^{0.4927}({\mu}/{\mu}_w)^{0.14}$. This study has suggested the prediction model of temperature in the tunnel based on the thermal resistance analysis technique, and it is appraised that deviation can be used in the range of 3% estimation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 2012

In this study, a heat-transfer performance analysis is carried out for a multi-channel volumetric air receiver for a solar power tower. On the basis of a series of reviews regarding the relevant literature, a calculation process is proposed for the prediction of the wall- and air- temperature distributions of a single channel at given geometric and input conditions. Furthermore, a unique mathematical model of the receiver effectiveness is presented through analysis of the temperature profile. The receiver is made of silicon carbide. A total of 225 square straight channels per module are molded to induce the air flow, and each channel has the dimensions of $2mm(W){\times}2mm(H){\times}0.2mm(t){\times}320mm(L)$. The heat-transfer rate, temperature distribution and effectiveness are presented according to the variation of the channel and module number under uniform irradiation and mass flow rate. The available air outlet temperature applied to the solar power tower should be over $700^{\circ}C$. This numerical model was actually used in the design of a 200 kW-level commercial solar air receiver, and the required number of modules satisfying the thermal performance could be obtained for the specified geometric and input conditions.

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-81
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• 1997

Numerical prediction of nocturnal thermal high in summer of the 1995 near Taegu city located in a basin has been carried out by a non-hydrostatic numerical model over complex terrain through one-way double nesting technique in the Z following coordinate system. Under the prevailing westerly winds, vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat over mountains for daytime hours are quite strong with a large magnitude of more than $120W/\textrm{m}^2$, but a small one of $5W/\textrm{m}^2$ at the surface of the basin. Convective boundary layer (CBL) is developed with a thickness of about 600m over the ground in the lee side of Mt. Hyungje, and extends to the edge of inland at the interface of land sea in the east. Sensible heat flux near the surface of the top of the mountain is $50W/\textrm{m}^2$, but its flux in the basin is almost zero. Convergence of sensible heat flux occurs from the ground surface toward the atmosphere in the lower layer, causing the layer over the mountain to be warmed up, but no convergance of the flux over the basin results from the significant mixing of air within the CBL. As horizontal transport of sensible heat flux from the top of the mountain toward over the basin results in the continuous accumulation of heat with time, enhancing air temperature at the surface of the basin, especially Taegu city to be higher than $39.3^{\circ}C$. Since latent heat fluxes are $270W/\textrm{m}^2$ near the top of the mountain and $300W/\textrm{m}^2$ along the slope of the mountain and the basin, evaporation of water vapor from the surface of the basin is much higher than one from the mountain and then, horizontal transport of latent heat flux is from the basin toward the mountain, showing relative humidity of 65 to 75% over the mountain to be much greater than 50% to 55% in the basin. At night, sensible heat fluxes have negative values of $-120W/\textrm{m}^2$ along the slope near the top of the mountain and $-50W/\textrm{m}^2$ at the surface of the basin, which indicate gain of heat from the lower atmosphere. Nighttime radiative cooling produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer with a thickness of about 100m, which is much lower than common surface inversion layer, and lifts extremely heated air masses for daytime hours, namely, a warm pool of $34^{\circ}C$ to be isolated over the ground surface in the basin. As heat transfer from the warm pool in the lower atmosphere toward the ground of the basin occurs, the air near the surface of the basin does not much cool down, resulting in the persistence of high temperature at night, called nocturnal thermal high or tropical night. High relative humidity of 75% is found at the surface of the basin under the moderate wind, while slightly low relative humidity of 60% is along the eastern slope of the high mountain, due to adiabatic heating by the srong downslope wind. Air temperature near the surface of the basin with high moisture in the evening does not get lower than that during the day and the high temperature produces nocturnal warming situation.