• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.522-528
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• 2013

Spray cooling is a technology of increasing interest for electronic cooling and other high heat flux applications. In this study, heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and critical heat fluxes (CHFs) were measured on a smooth square flat copper heater of $9.53{\times}9.53$ mm at $36^{\circ}C$ in a pool, with a smooth flat surface, and 26 fpi. Low-fin surfaces were used to see the change in HTCs and CHFs according to the surface characteristics, and FC-72 was used as the working fluid. FC-72 fluid had a significant influence on the heat transfer characteristics of the spray over the cooling surface. HTCs were taken from 10 $kW/m^2$ to critical heat flux, for all surfaces. Test results with Low-fin showed that the CHFs of all the enhanced surface were greatly improved. It can be said that the surface form affects the heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.786-790
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• 2001

In this paper, we propose an optimum design method for optical pick-up actuators. Using this method, we can design an optimal pick-up actuator having the required tracking/focusing performances. Also, the designed actuator has the small mass, force constant for small size of magnetic circuit and large resistance for reduction of heat generation. Simulation results show that this method can be potentially implemented in all the pick-up actuators.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.333-338
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• 1995

This paper discusses the methods for building up the empirical CHF correlation, Direct Substitution Method (DSM) and Heat Balance Method (HBM). It also includes consideration on the CHF manin, which ran be expressed differently depending on the correlation types in use. Some findings an presented with exemplary calculation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.398-406
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• 2015

In this study, R-123 flow boiling experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of nanoparticle deposition on heater surfaces on flow critical heat flux (CHF) and boiling heat transfer. It is known that CHF enhancement by nanoparticles results from porous structures that are very similar to layers of Chalk River unidentified deposit formed on nuclear fuel rod surfaces during the reactor operation period. Although previous studies have investigated the surface effects through surface modifications, most studies are limited to pool boiling conditions, and therefore, the effects of porous surfaces on flow boiling heat transfer are still unclear. In addition, there have been only few reports on suppression of wetting for decoupled approaches of reasoning. In this study, bare and $Al_2O_3$ nanoparticle-coated surfaces were prepared for the study experiments. The CHF of each surface was measured with different mass fluxes of $1,600kg/m^2s$, $1,800kg/m^2s$, $2,100kg/m^2s$, $2,400kg/m^2s$, and $2,600kg/m^2s$. The nanoparticle-coated tube showed CHF enhancement up to 17% at a mass flux of $2,400kg/m^2s$ compared with the bare tube. The factors for CHF enhancement are related to the enhanced rewetting process derived from capillary action through porous structures built-up by nanoparticles while suppressing relative wettability effects between two sample surfaces as a highly wettable R-123 refrigerant was used as a working fluid.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.772-776
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• 2008

The Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI) has been developing planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and power systems for combined heat and power (CHP) units. The R&D work includes solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) materials investigation, design and fabrication of single cells and stacks, and kW class SOFC CHP system development. Anode supported cells composed of Ni-YSZ/FL/YSZ/LSCF were enlarged up to $15{\times}15\;cm^2$ and stacks were manufactured using $10{\times}10\;cm^2$ cells and metallic interconnects such as ferritic stainless steel. The first-generation system had a 37-cell stack and an autothermal reformer for use with city gas. The system showed maximum stack power of about $1.3\;kW_{e,DC}$ and was able to recover heat of $0.57{\sim}1.2\;kW_{th}$ depending on loaded current by making hot water. The second-generation system was composed of an improved 48-cell stack and a prereformer (or steam reformer). The thermal management subsystem design including heat exchangers and insulators was also improved. The second-generation system was successfully operated without any external heat source. Under self-sustainable operation conditions, the stack power was about $1.3\;kW_{e,DC}$ with hydrogen and $1.2\;kW_{e,DC}$ with city. The system also recuperated heat of about $1.1\;kW_{th}$ by making hot water. Recently KEPRI manufactured a 2kW class SOFC stack and a system by scaling up the second-generation 1kW system and will develop a 5kW class CHP system by 2010.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.1310-1319
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• 2024

The reactor cavity cooling system (RCCS) is a passive reactor safety system commonly present in the designs of High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGR) that removes heat from the reactor pressure vessel by means of natural convection and radiation. It is one of the factors responsible for ensuring that the reactor does not melt down under any plausible accident scenario. For the simulation of accident scenarios, which are transient phenomena unfolding over a span of up to several days, intermediate fidelity methods and system codes must be employed to limit the models' execution time. These models can quantify radiation heat transfer well, but heat transfer caused by natural convection must be quantified with the use of correlations for the heat transfer coefficient. It is difficult to obtain reliable correlations for HTGR RCCS heat transfer coefficients experimentally due to such a system's size. They could, however, be obtained from high-fidelity steady-state simulations of RCCSs. The Rayleigh number in RCCSs is too high for using a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) technique; thus, a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach must be employed. There are many RANS models, each performing best under different geometry and fluid flow conditions. To find the most suitable one for simulating an RCCS, the RANS models need to be validated. This work benchmarks various RANS models against three experiments performed on the HTTR RCCS Mockup by the Japanese Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) in 1993. This facility is a 1/6 scale model of a vessel cooling system (VCS) for the High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR), which is operated by JAEA. Multiple RANS models were evaluated on a simplified 2d-axisymmetric geometry. They were found to reproduce the experimental temperature profiles with errors of up to 22% for the lowest temperature benchmark and 15% for the higher temperature benchmarks. The results highlight that the pragmatic turbulence models need to be validated for high Rayleigh natural convection-driven flows and improved accordingly, more publicly available experimental data of RCCS resembling experiments is needed and indicate that a 2d-axisymmetric geometry approximation is likely insufficient to capture all the relevant phenomena in RCCS simulations.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05b
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• pp.3395-3400
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• 2007

Heat transfer experiments at a vertical annulus passage were carried out in the SPHINX(Supercritical Pressure Heat Transfer Investigation for NeXt Generation) to investigate the heat transfer behaviors of supercritical $CO_2$. The collected test data are to be used for the reactor core design of the SCWR (SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactor). The mass flux was in the range of 400${\sim}$1200 kg/$m^2$s and the heat flux was chosen up to 150 kW/$m^2$. The selected pressures were 7.75 and 8.12 MPa. The heat transfer data were analyzed and compared with the previous tube test data. The test results showed that the heat transfer characteristics were similar to those of the tube in case of a normal heat transfer mode and degree of heat transfer deterioration became smaller than that in the tube. Comparison of the experimental heat transfer coefficients with the predicted ones by the existing correlations showed that there was not a distinct difference between the correlations.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.627-634
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• 2006

Evaporation heat transfer characteristics by pulsating flow in a plate heat exchanger have been investigated experimentally in this study. R-l34a is evaporated by receiving heat from the hot water in the plate heat exchanger. The pulsating frequency in refrigerant side of the plate heat exchanger is varied in the range of 5-25 Hz. The operating pressure of R-l34a and mass flux of hot water are also varied 0.6-0.9 MPa and $45-105 kg/m^2s$, respectively. The experimental results indicate that evaporation heat transfer coefficient of pulsating flow is improved up to 6.3% compared with that of the steady flow at 10 Hz and $G_w=45 kg/m^2s$. It is also found that the evaporation heat transfer enhancement ratio is decreased with an increase in mass flux of hot water, and the evaporation heat transfer enhancement is little influenced by operating pressure of R-l34a.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.47-53
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• 2007

Effluent ground water overflow in deep and broad ground space building. Temperature of effluent ground water is in $12{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ annually and the quality of that water is as good as living water. Therefore if the flow rate of effluent ground water is sufficient as source of heat pump, that is good heat source and heat sink of heat pump. Effluent ground water contain the thermal energy of surrounding ground. So this is a new application of ground source heat pump. In this study open type and close type heat pump system using effluent ground water was installed and tested for a church building with large and deep ground space. The effluent flow rate of this building is $800{\sim}1000ton/day$. The heat pump capacity is 5RT each. The heat pump cooling COP is $4.9{\sim}5.2$ for the open type and $4.9{\sim}5.7$ for close type system. The system cooling COP is $3.2{\sim}4.5$ for open type and $3.8{\sim}4.2$ for close type system. This performance is up to that of BHE type ground source heat pump.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.203-208
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to compare the different shapes of condenser of the direct contact heat transfer from the heat pipe condenser to the receiving water using CFD. The heat transfer from the working fluid of the heat pipe to receiving fluid flows through the manifolder is one of the important part in evacuated solar collector system. The retrenchment of the thermal resistance between the heat pipe and the manifolder could increase the thermal performances of the whole system. Recently, direct heat transfer from the heat pipe condenser wall to the receiving water was suggested and accompanied experiments were achieved. This experiment shows the better performances of the direct contact heat transfer analogically. Preceding calculations are carried out for the performance comparison: mesh dependence test, discretization method test and equation model test. with these preceding tests, 4 different shapes of condenser are compared and each case were set up for the same heat flux at the condenser wall. The calculation result shows that the efficiency of the extended surface condenser shape is 10% higher then the that of the others.