• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.634-639
• /
• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of heating of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine before injection, on the incidence of lesions at the injection site (pork butt), amount of discarded meat, and economical benefit. Methods: In total, 101,086 piglets raised in 30 farms, were vaccinated in the neck with 2 mL of FMD vaccine at 56 d and 84 d of age using a commercial syringe. The heat treatment group (48,511 pigs) was injected with the FMD vaccine after it had been heated in a water bath at 40℃ for 20 min. After slaughter, the incidence of lesions on the pork butt was inspected, and the subsequent amount of discarded meat was recorded. Results: Heat treatment of FMD vaccine reduced the incident rate of lesions on the pork butt (p<0.01). Overall, 17.81% of the pigs in the heat treatment group had lesions, while the incident rate in the control group was 21.70%. The amount of discarded meat per head of total pigs and per head of pigs with lesions were significantly lower in the heat treatment group than the control group (p<0.01). Thus, the proportion of discarded meat to dressed carcass was lower in the heat treatment group (0.249%) compared with the control group (0.338%) (p<0.01). Farms that rear 1,000 sows can gain 1,863,289 KRW (1,600 USD) in one year when they adopt heat treatment of FMD vaccine before injection. Conclusion: Heat treatment of FMD vaccine using simple heat equipment (water bath) can be effective in reducing lesions caused by FMD vaccination and increase the economic benefits in pig farms.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.282-289
• /
• 2010

In preparation of silica aerogel-based hybrid coating materials, the combination of hydrophobic aerogel with organic polar binder material is shown to be very limited due to dissimilar surface property between two materials. Accordingly, the surface modification of the aerogel would be required to obtain compatibilized hybrid coating sols with homogeneous dispersion. In this study, the surface of silica aerogel particles was modified by using both surfactant adsorption and heat treatment methods. Four types of surfactants with different molecular weights and HLB values were used to examine the effect of chain length and hydrophilicity. The surface property of the modified aerogel was evaluated in terms of visible observation for aerogel dispersion in water, water contact angle measurement, and FT-IR analysis. In surface modification using surfactants, the effects of surfactant type and content, and mixing time as process parameter on the degree of hydrophilicity for the modified aerogel. In addition, the temperature condition in modification process via heat treatment was revealed to be significant factor to prepare aerogel with highly hydrophilic property.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제23권7호
• /
• pp.1215-1222
• /
• 1999

It is advantageous to use an NDE method to assess the mechanical properties of materials since the conventional method is time-consuming and sometimes requires cutting of sample from the material/component. This paper shows that the ultrasonic and the Barkhausen noise(BHN) methods can be used to accurately characterize forged reactor vessels. The attenuation coefficient of the ultrasonic wave was changed with heat treatment temperature and condition[as-quenched, tempered, PWHT]. The RMS[root mean square] voltage of Barkhausen noise depended on heat treatment temperature and conditions. The fracture appearance transition temperature(FATT) can be predicted using nondestructive evaluation methods.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.65-69
• /
• 2010

In this study, we compared two methods(an acid treatment in strong acid reflux and a heat treatment in air atmosphere) for hydrophilic surface treatment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWNT) to enhance the capcity of $RuO_2$/MWNT composite electrode materials for ultracapacitor. Both treatments generated a number of defects on the surface of MWNT by the breakage of $\pi$ bond in graphene layer at which carboxyl groups were introduced. However, the degree of hydrophilicity generated by strong acid treatment was higher than that by heat treatment in air, which was revealed by the quantitative measurement of surface carboxyl groups by using Boehm titration. The increased hydrophilicity save rise to an improved dispersity of $RuO_2$ nanoparticles on MWNT. Finally, the improved dispersity resulted in the capacity enhancement of composite electrode materials for ultracapacitor.

• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.181-187
• /
• 1997

TiAl intermetallic compound was candidated for the application to the high temperature materials such as a gas turbine exhaust valve in the automobile. However, this material dose not have ductility allowing to machinability to product. To improve the ductility, many researches conduct alloy design and heat treatment methods. We observed that the microstructure of TiAl varied with Ni, Mn elements as well as a heat treatment condition. In the case of Ni element addition, the TiAlNi intermetallic compound was precipitated at the grain boundary. When the heat treatment temperature increased from $1000^{\circ}C$ to $1300^{\circ}C$, the TiAlNi intermetallic compound was uniformly dispersed on the matrix. In the case of Mn element addition, the mixed duplex structure of ${\gamma}$-TiAl and lamellar(TiAl/$Ti_3Al$) was obtained with $1250^{\circ}C$ and $1300^{\circ}C$ heat treatment for 1 hour. When the heat treatment temperature increased from $1250^{\circ}C$ to $1300^{\circ}C$, the lamellar domain of the duplex structure was transformed near-lamellar structure.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2013

The influences of heat treatment and surface sizing on coating penetration were studied using two types of commercial base papers. Dry oven was used for heat treatment and laboratory rod draw down coater was used for surface sizing and coating application. Coating penetration was evaluated by measuring the roughness of the backside of coating layer. The backside of the coating was exposed by dissolving the fibers in a cupriethylenedimine(CED) solution. The results showed that both heat treatment and surface sizing were the effective methods to increase sizing degree and to reduce coating penetration.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제50권1호
• /
• pp.70-74
• /
• 2013

Dependence of microwave dielectric properties on the crystallization behaviors of $CaMgSi_2O_6$ (diopside) glass-ceramics was investigated with different heat treatment methods (one and/or two-step). The crystallization behaviors of the specimens, crystallite size and degree of crystallization, were evaluated by differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis by combined Rietveld and reference intensity ratio (RIR) methods. With an increase in heattreatment temperature, the dielectric constant (K) and the quality factor (Qf) increased due to the increase of the crystallite size and degree of crystallization. The specimens heat-treated by the two-step method had a higher degree of crystallization than the specimens heat-treated by the one-step method, which induced improvement in the quality factor (Qf) of the specimens.

• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.32-40
• /
• 1992

This content is a part of the results of the study on the development of the vacuum carburizing technology. In this study the vacuum carburizing furnace being used was the furnace that developed through the joint project between KIMM and Kyung-Pook Heat Treating Co. from June 1988 to Nov. 1990. And the used carburizing gas was the propane gas and the introducing methods of the gas applied two methods such as pulse and constant pressure. By this study we established the basis of the furnace manufacturing technology and of the processing technology in the vacuum carburizing. Above all in this work there are notable meanings in a viewpoint of the foremost research in home. Hereafter, we are going to industrialize the vacuum carburizing technology by improving the results of the present work and by developing the process for the mass production.

• 대한치과기공학회지
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 2016

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of ceramic fused to Ni-Cr alloy(Alophaloy) by heat treatment. Methods: The specimens were divided into 5 groups according to heat treatment conditions prior to porcelain application. Eighteen specimens from each group were subjected to the shear load a universal testing machine using a 0.1mm/min cross-head speed and two specimens from each group were observed with SEM and EDX line profile. Results: The observation of the oxide film on the metal surface by SEM photograph showed a coarsening with an increasing degassing hold time. The diffusion of metal oxide was observed farther from the opaque layer in the heat treated specimen than no heat treated specimen. The shear bond strength measured highest to A5(55.23MPa) in the 10min holding group and measured lowest from A1(24.38MPa) in the no heat treated group, and there was a significant difference(p<0.05). Conclusion: The shear bond strength of Ni-Cr alloy improved in the heat treatment compared to the no heat treatment specimen.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.466-472
• /
• 2004

Red mud is formed as a waste during bauxite refining known as Bayer's process. Its main constituents are iron, aluminium, sodium and silica. The disposal of large quantities of wasted red mud causes a serious ecological problem. In this study, the red mud wasted from the bauxite refinery was studied for phosphate removal from aqueous solution according to activation methods. The influence of heat treatment, and neutralization with sea water and acid treatment level for the optimum conditions for phosphate removal have been determined. Heat treatment combined with acid treatment is most suitable for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solution. The optimal condition was activated with 1 N HCl solution after heating in $600^{\circ}C$ during 4 hours. Acid and heat treatment causes sodalite compounds which hinder the phosphate adsorption to leach out. The adsorption data obtained followed a first-order rate expression and fitted well with the Freundlich Isotherm well.