• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제59권10호
• /
• pp.23.1-23.11
• /
• 2017

Background: Although soybean meal (SBM) is excellent source of protein in diets for poultry, it is sometimes inaccessible, costly and fluctuates in supply. The SBM can partially be replaced by full-fat SBM, but the meals prepared from raw full-fat soybean contain antinutritional factors. To avoid the risk of antinutritional factors, heat treatment is always advisable, but either excessive or under heating the soybean could negatively affect the quality. However, the potential for further improvement of SBM by supplementing with microbial enzymes has been suggested by many researchers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of birds fed on diets containing raw soybeans and supplemented with microbial protease. Methods: A $3{\times}2$ factorial, involving 3 levels of raw full-fat soybean (RFFS; 0, 45 or 75 g/kg of diet) and 2 levels of protease (0 or 15,000 PROT/kg) was used. The birds were raised in a climate-controlled room. A nitrogen-free diet was also offered to a reference group from day 19 to 24 to determine protein and amino acid flow at the terminal ileum and calculate the standardized ileal digestibility of nutrients. On days 10, 24 and 35, body weight and feed leftover were recorded to calculate the body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). On day 24, samples of ileal digesta were collected at least from two birds per replicate. Results: When RFFS was increased from 0 to 75 g/kg of diet, the content of trypsin inhibitors was increased from 1747 to 10,193 trypsin inhibitors unit (TIU)/g of diets, and feed consumption of birds was also reduced (P < 0.05). Increasing RFFS level reduced the BWG from hatch 0 to 10 d (P < 0.01) and hatch to 24 d (P < 0.05). The BWG of birds from hatch to 35 was not significantly (P = 0.07) affected. Feed intake was also reduced (P < 0.05) during 0 to 35 d. However, protease supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the BWG and FCR during 0 to 24 d. Rising levels of RFFS increased the weight of pancreas (P < 0.001) and small intestine (P < 0.001) at day 24. Except for methionine, apparent and the corresponding standardized ileal digestibility of CP and AA were reduced (P < 0.01) by increasing levels of RFFS in diets. Conclusion: This study showed that some commercial SBM could be replaced by RFFS in broiler diets, without markedly compromising productivity. The AID and SID of CP and lysine were slightly improved by dietary supplementation of microbial protease.

• 한국양식학회지
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.133-140
• /
• 1998

참전복 사료의 적정 탄수화물 종류 및 첨가량을 구명하기 위하여 카제인, 북양어분 및 대두박을 단백질원으로하나 실험사료에 소맥분, dextrin,참전복 사료의 적정 탄수화물 종류 및 첨가량을 구명하기 위하여 카제인, 북양어분 및 대두박을 단백질원으로하나 실험사료에 소맥분, dextrin, $^{\alpha}$-potato starch, sucrose를 각각 2-~24%씩 첨가하여 그 이용성을 평가하였다. 또한 $^{\alpha}$-potato starch를 15%, 20% 및 25% 첨가하여 적정함량을 조사하였으며, 북양어분, 대두박, 콘글루텐밀, 면실박, 소맥분의 첨가 비율을 조절하여 탄수화물 함량이 다른 배합사료와 비슷하게 유지한 배합사료구도 설정하였으며, 천연먹이로 건조 다시마와 건조 미역 공급구를 두어 실험배합사료와 비교하였다. 실험용으로 중간 크기의 건강한 치패(평균체중;125 mg)를 사료마다 4반복으로 20주간 사육 실험하였다. 사육한 후의 생존률은 건조 다시마와 건조 미역구가 타 실험구보다 낮았다(P<0.05). 실험종료시의 평균체중과 증체율은 사료의 탄수화물 종류에 영향을 받지 않았으며, 건조 다시마와 미역구보다 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). $^{\alpha}$-potato starch 20%와 25% 첨가구와 통계적인 차이는 없었지만, $^{\alpha}$-potato starch 15%첨가구의 성장효과는 다소 낮아져 $^{\alpha}$+$^{\beta}$-potato starch 20%와 sucrose 20%와 25% 첨가구와 유의차를 보였다(P>0.05). 실험 종료시 지질 함량은 소맥분, dextrin, $^{\alpha}$-potato starch 첨가구들이 서로 유의차없이 타 실험구보다 높았고, 천연먹이구와 상($\alpha$)-potato starch 25% 첨가구들이 낮은 값을 보였다(P<0.05). 이상으로부터 본 실험에 사용된 탄수화물원들은 모두 참전복 사료에 적합할 것으로 전망된다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.137-149
• /
• 1996

본 연구는 불란서 CEA에서 수행한 부분충수 운전 중 잔열제거계통 기능 상실사고 실험인 BETHSY 실험 6.9c를 CATHARE2 코드를 이용하여 분석하였다. BETHSY 6.9c 실험은 잔열제거 계통 기능상 실시 가압기와 중기발생기 출구공동의 Manway를 통해 노심에서 발생한 증기를 제거하여 계통의 가압 정도를 시험한 것이다. 연구의 주요목적은 사고발생시 예상되는 주요 물리적 현상의 이해와 과도기에 영향을 미치는 민감 변수를 확인하고 CATHARE2 코드의 예측능력을 평가하여, 실제원전의 유사사고 해석에 대한 신뢰성을 확보하는 것이다. 연구결과 CATHARE2 코드는 실험을 통해 관측된 주요 물리적 현상들을 타당하게 예측하였으나, 가압기와 밀림관의 DP를 과대 예측하여 원자로 상부공동의 최대압력을 실험보다 약 7kPa 높게 예측하였다. 노심 노출시간도 노심에서 기포율 분포를 비현실적으로 예측하여 실험보다 약 500초 지연되었다. 실험과 코드의 모의결과를 통하여 노심 노출은 중력주입에 의한 냉각수 보충만으로 충분히 회복될 수 있음을 확인하였다. CATHARE2 코드는 비록 상세한 현상들에 대해 다소 불화실성을 내포하였으나, 전반적인 거동분석에는 타당한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
• /
• pp.161-161
• /
• 2017

Seed endophytes are very remarkable groups of bacteria for their unique abilities of being vertically transmitted and conserved. As plants attain hybrid vigor and heterosis in the process of crossbreeding, this might also lead to the changes in the community structure and diversity of plant endophytes in the hybrid plants ultimately affecting the endophytes of the seeds. It would be interesting to characterize how seed endophyte composition change over time. The objective of this study is to gain insights into the influence of natural crossbreeding and parental lineage in the seed bacterial endophytic communities of two pure inbred lines exploring contributions of the two most important sources of plant endophytes - colonization from external sources and vertical transmission via seeds. Total genomic DNA was isolated from rice seeds and bacterial DNA was selectively amplified by PCR. The diversity of endophytic bacteria was studied through Terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Diversity between the original parents and the pure inbred line may show significant differences in terms of richness, evenness and diversity indices. Heat maps reveal astonishing contributions of both or either parents (IR29 ${\times}$ Pokkali and AT401 ${\times}$ IR31868) in the shaping of the bacterial seed endophytes of the hybrid, FL478 and IC32, respectively. Most of the T-RFs of the subsequent pure inbred line could be traced to any or both of the parents. Comparison of common and genotype-specific T-RFs of parents and their offspring reveals that majority of the T-RFs are shared suggesting higher transmission of bacterial communities common to both parents. The parents influence the bacterial community of their offspring. Unique T-RFs of the offspring also suggest external sources of colonization particularly as the seeds are cultivated in different ecogeographical locations. This study showed that host parental lines contributed greatly in the shaping of bacterial seed endophytes of their offspring. It also revealed transmission and potential conservation of core seed bacterial endophytes that generally become the dominant microbiota in the succeeding generations of plant hosts.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제46권5호
• /
• pp.449-470
• /
• 2018

본 총설에서는 외부에 사용되는 목재를 풍화인자로부터 보호하기 위해 실행되고 있는 최근의 연구동향에 대해 조사 분석하였다. 주요 기상열화 인자로부터 목재의 표면 보호를 위한 연구 동향에 대하여 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 목재보존제로 사용된 크롬, 구리 등의 무기화합물이 목재를 기상열화로부터 보호할 수 있는 것으로 보고되었다. 또한 ACQ처리 목재의 표면에 wax나 oil같은 소수성물질과 UV 흡수제, HALS(Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers) 등을 방부목재 표면에 precoating하면 기상열화 저항성을 강화할 수 있다고 보고되었다. 또한 방부목재 표면에 불투명 도막형성의 페인트/스테인 및 반투명스테인등이 기상열화방지에 대한 시너지 효과가 높힐수 있다는 보고들이 다수 있었다. 또한 방부목재의 표면보호를 위한 재도장 처리의 필요성이 시사되었다. 투명성의 도막에 UV방지를 위한 첨가물로서 미세입자의 ZnO 또는 $TiO_2$, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni과 Ti 등의 금속이온, Tris-resorcinol triazine derivatives, triazine 및 Benzotriazole과 같은 UV흡수제 등이 소개되었다. Methylation, acetylation 또는 alkylation 등과 같이 화학적으로 개질된 경우에는 이로 인한 중량증가가 높은 경우 기상열화 방지효과가 상승된다는 연구들이 소개되었다, 열처리목재의 기상열화 저항성에 대해서는 여러 가지 상반되는 연구보고 들이 있었고, UV저항성을 지닌 도장의 필요성이 강조된 보고가 있어 보다 심도 있는 연구의 필요성이 시사되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제13권8호
• /
• pp.1068-1075
• /
• 2000

A study involving nutrient balances and radioisotope labeling techniques was undertaken to study energy and protein metabolism, and glucose kinetics of female crossbred Etawah goats, using 12 weaned (BW $14.0{\pm}2.0kg$), 12 late pregnant (BW $27.8{\pm}1.8kg$) and 12 first lactation does (BW $25.0{\pm}5.0kg$). Each class of animal was randomly allotted into 3 dietary treatment groups R1, R2 and R3, that received 100%, 85%, and 70% of ad libitum feed. The rations offered were pellets containing 21.8% CP and 19.3 MJ GE/kg, except for the lactating does who received pellets (17.2% CP and 18.9 MJ GE/kg) and fresh Penisetum purpureum grass. Energy and nitrogen balance studies were conducted during a two-week trial. Daily heat production (HP, estimated by the carbon dioxide entry rate technique), glucose pool and flux were measured. Equations were found for metabolizable energy (ME) and protein intake (IP) requirements for growing goats: ME (MJ/d)=1.87+0.55 RE-0.001 ADG+0.044 RP $(R^2=0.89)$ and IP (g/d)=48.47+2.99 RE+0.029 ADG+0.79 RP $(R^2=0.90)$; for pregnant does: ME (MJ/d)=5.92+0.96 RE-0.002 ADG+0.003 RP $(R^2=0.99)$ and IP (g/d)=58.34+5.41 RE+0.625 ADG-0.30 RP $(R^2=0.98)$; and for lactating does: ME (MJ/d)=4.23+0.713 RE+0.003 ADG+0.006 RP+0.002 MY $(R^2=0.86)$; IP (g/d)=84.05-5.36 RE+0.055 ADG-0.16 RP+0.068 MY $(R^2=0.45)$, where RE is retained energy (MJ/d), ADG is average daily gain in weight (g/d), RP is retained protein (g/d) and MY is milk yield (ml/d). ME and IP requirements for maintenance for growing goats were 0.46 MJ/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$ and 7.43 g/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$, respectively. Values for the pregnant and lactating does were in the same order, 0.55 MJ/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$ and 11.7 g/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$, and 0.50 MJ/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$ and 10.8 g/d.kg $BW^{0.75}$, respectively. Milk protein ranged from 3.06 to 3.5% and milk fat averaged 5.2%. Glucose metabolism in Etawah crossbred female goat is active, but glucose flux is low compared to temperate ruminant breeds which may implicate its role to support production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.349-354
• /
• 2004

The effects of probiotic-vitacogen and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) supplementation on methanogesis, energy and nitrogen utilization in replacement dairy cows were evaluated. A basal diet comprising orchardgrass hay, lucerne hay cube and concentrate (2:2:1, DM basis) were fed with or without supplements to four cows at $80g\;DM/kgBW^{0.75}$per day in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square arrangement. The four treatments were; 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet plus 100 g probiotic-vitacogen, 3) basal diet plus 50 g GOS, 4) basal diet plus 50 g GOS and 100 g probiotic-vitacogen. Nutrient apparent digestibility was not altered by the effect of supplementation. Nitrogen intake was significantly (p<0.001) higher for the two vitacogen-supplemented diets compared to control and GOS supplemented diets. However, vitacogen supplemented diets had numerically higher fecal and urinary nitrogen losses, thereby, having lower nitrogen retention compared to control and GOS supplemented diets. Gross energy intake was also significantly (p<0.05) higher for vitacogen-supplemented diets compared to control and GOS diets, however, due to higher losses in feces, urine, methane and heat, GOS supplemented diet had numerically higher energy retention. There was an 11% reduction in methane emission (liters/day) in GOS supplemented diet compared to control diet. However, the combination of GOS with vitacogen resulted in an increased methane emission. When expressed per unit of animal production (g/kg live-weight gain), methane production tended to be lower in vitacogensupplemented diets compared to control and GOS diets. The supplementation of replacement dairy cows with GOS reduced methane emission (liters/day), while, vitacogen supplementation reduced methane emission per unit animal production. The two feed supplements may contribute to the abatement of methane as a greenhouse gas.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.223-229
• /
• 2013

송아지는 초유를 통해서만 모체항체를 받을 수 있기 때문에 신생우가 분만초기에 초유를 섭취하는 것은 질병에 대한 저항성을 갖추기 위해 필수적이다. 따라서 분만 후 잉여 초유를 저장하였다가 초유섭취가 부족한 신생우에 공급하여 충분한 항체를 갖도록 하는 것이 일반적인 사양법이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 3곳의 지역에서 운영되는 초유은행에서 저장된 35개의 초유를 무작위로 수거하여 일반세균오염과 주요 병원체들을 검사하였고 면역글로불린의 농도와 BVDV 특이 항체가를 측정하여 초유의 면역학적 품질을 평가하였다. 초유은행에서 수거된 대부분의 초유에서 중등도에서 고도의 세균오염이 관찰되었다. 또한 대부분의 초유가 좋은 품질의 초유라고 판단되는 50 g/L의 IgG 농도에 미치지 못하는 IgG를 포함하고 있었다. 따라서 초유은행 보관용 초유는 청결한 채취법에 따라 분만 후 2-3회 이하로 착유한 초유를 사용하여 안전성과 품질을 보장하여야 할 것이다. 또한 $63^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 실시하는 저온살균이 면역글로불린의 파괴를 최소화하는 동시에 초유에 의한 질병전파를 확연히 줄여주는 것으로 관찰되었으므로 냉동보관 전에 초유의 저온살균 과정을 반드시 실시하는 것이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.24-33
• /
• 2012

Recently, finishing materials at spandrel area, a part of curtain-wall system, are gradually forced to improve thermal insulation performance in order to enhance the building energy efficiency. Also, Building Integrated Photovoltaics(BIPV) systems have been installed in the exterior side of the spandrel area, which is generally composed of windows. Those BIPVs aim to achieve high building energy efficiency and supply the electricity to building. However, if transparent BIPV module is combined with high insulated spandrel, it would reduce the PV efficiency for two major reasons. First, temperature in the air space, located between window layer and finishing layer of the spandrel area, can significantly increase by solar heat gain, because the space has a few air density relative to other spaces in building. Secondly, PV has a characteristics of decreased Voltage(Voc and Vmp) with the increased temperature on the PV cell. For these reasons, this research analyzed a direct interrelation between PV Cell temperature and electricity generation performance under different insulation conditions in the spandrel area. The different insulation conditions under consideration are 1) high insulated spandrel(HIS) 2) low insulated spandrel(LIS) 3) PV stand alone on the ground(SAG). As a result, in case of 1) HIS, PV temperature was increased and thus electricity generation efficiency was decreased more than other cases. To be specific, each cases' maximum temperature indicated that 1) HIS is $83.8^{\circ}C$, 2) LIS is $74.2^{\circ}C$, and 3) SAG is $66.3^{\circ}C$. Also, each cases yield electricity generation like that 1) HIS is 913.3kWh/kWp, 2) LIS is 942.8kWh/kWp, and 3) SAG is 981.3kWh/kWp. These result showed that it is needed for us to seek to the way how the PV Cell temperature would be decreased.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.41-49
• /
• 1989

This study was carried out to study influence of antioxidants on serum and tissue of rats fed with thermally oxidized oil. The experimental animals used 30male rats of sprague-dawley weighting $150{\pm}25g$. They are divided into 5 groups and fed to experimental diets which are composed of 15％ thermally oxidized oil in addition to ascorbic acid, Vitamin E, Ethylendintrioteraaceticacid(EDTA) and none added oxidized oil by heat and fresh soybean oil group. Thermally oxidized oil was prepared from the soybean oil by heating at $180^{\circ}C$ for 30 hours. After feeding for 4 weeks, the result are as follows; 1. Body weight gain were lower B diet group than A diet group. 2. Total cholesterol levels in serum of all experimental diet groups except B diet group were higher than that of A diet group. 3. HDL-cholesterol levels of all experimental diet groups except E diet group were lower than that of A diet group. 4. The activities of GOT, GPT in serum of all experimental diet groups except B diet group and D diet group were higher than that of A diet group. 5. Vitamin E levels in serum of E diet group were highest than that of all experimental diet groups, and Vitamin E levels in liver of A diet group were highest than that of all experimental diet groups. 6. Lipid peroxide in Serum were highest B diet group than that of all experimental diet groups and the other experimental diet group significantly lower than that of the A diet group. 7. Lipid peroxide in liver of all experimental diet group except E diet group were significantly higher than that A diet group and lipid peroxide in kidney of all experimental diet group except B diet group were lower than that of A diet group. Four these results, as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and EDTA added diets have effect of thermally oil by antioxidants, it could be suggested that thermally soybean oil diet has required to add antioxidant because it has not sufficient Vitamin E for antioxidant and intake and overtake level of thermally soybean oil diet should be studied to go ahead.