Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/WOOD.2018.46.5.449

Current Researches on the Protection of Exterior Wood from Weathering  

Kim, Yeong-Suk (Department of Forest Products and Biotechnology, College of Forest Science, Kookmin University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology / v.46, no.5, 2018 , pp. 449-470 More about this Journal
Abstract
A review of research trends on wood surface protection for exterior use obtained the following conclusions: It has been reported that inorganic compounds such as chrome and copper used as wood preservatives can protect wood from weathering. It has been shown that precoating with hydrophobic substances such as wax and oil, UV absorbers, and HALS (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers) enhances weathering resistance on the surface of ACQ-treated wood. Opaque coatings of paint/stains and semitransparent stains on the surface of preservative treated wood can increase the synergistic effects on prevention of weathering deterioration. Also the need for repainting periodically for the protection of the preservative treated wood surface has also been suggested. ZnO or $TiO_2$ of fine particles, metal ions such as Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti, and UV absorbers such as tris-resorcinol triazine derivatives, triazine and benzotriazole were introduced as additives for preventing UV in the transparent coating on wood. Several reports showed that chemical modification such as methylation, acetylation, or alkylations have made some increases the effects of preventing weathering with the increasing weight gain of chemical formulas. In heat-treated wood, there were various contradictory reports on the resistance of weathering, and there were some other reports emphasizing the necessity of painting with UV resistance, which leads to the necessity of more advanced studies.
Keywords
weathering; wood surface protection; exterior use; preservative treatment; wood coating;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 2  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Korea Forest Service, Regulation 2016-2, Forest Carbon Offset Operating Standard for Social Contribution.
2 Landry, V., Blanchet, P. 2012. Weathering resistance of opaque PVDF-acrylic coatings applied on wood substrates. Progress in Organic Coatings 75(4): 494-501.   DOI
3 Landry, V., Blanchet, P., Zotig, L., Martel, T. 2013. Performance of exterior semitransparent PVDF-acrylic coatings. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 10(1): 37-46.   DOI
4 Alfredsen, G., Flæte, P.O., Militz, H. 2013. Decay resistance of acetic anhydride modified wood: a review. International Wood Products Journal 4(3): 137-143.   DOI
5 Liu, C., Ahniyaz, A., Evans, P.D. 2010. Preliminary observations of the phothostabilization of wood surfaces with cerium oxide nanoparticles, Inernational Research Group on Wood Protection DocIRG/WP 10-40504.
6 Liu, R., Ruddick, J.N.R., Jin, L. 1994. The influence of copper(II) chemicals on the weathering or treated wood, Part 1 ACQ treatment of wood on weathering, International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP 94-30040.
7 Murakami, K., Matsuda, H. 1990. Oligoesterified woods based on anhydride and epoxide VIII. Resistances of oligoesterified woods against weathering and biodeterioration. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 36(7): 538-544.
8 Natale, M.F., Vidal, J.M. 2017. Evaluation of coating applied in treated wood: experiences in Brazil, In: Proceedings ofInternational Research Group on Wood Protection IRG/WP 17-40814.
9 Nejad, M. 2015. How to Increase the Lifespan of Exterior Wood Coatings, In: Proceedings of International Research Group on Wood Protection IRG/WP 15-40700.
10 Nejad, M., Cooper, P. 2013. Performance characterization of coatings on treated-wood, Progress in Color, Colornats and Coatings pp.61-65.
11 Nejad, M., Cooper, P. 2010. Coatings to reduce wood preservative leaching. Environmental Science and Technology 44(16): 6162-6166.   DOI
12 Sivrikaya, H., Can, A., Tumen, I., Aydemir, D. 2017. Weathering performance of wood treated with copper azole and woter repellents. Wood Research 62(3): 437-450.
13 Stirling, R., Landry, V. 2016. Colorant Treatments to Enhance the Weathering Resistance of Western Red cedar, In: Proceedings ofInternational Research Group on Wood Protection IRG/WP 16-40737.
14 Stirling, R., Morris, P.I. 2013. Performance of coatings on wood treated with carbon-based preservatives, In: Proceedings ofInternational Research Group on Wood Protection IRG/WP 13-40638.
15 Sudiyani, Y., Ryu, J.Y., Hattori, N., Imamura, Y. 2001. Phenolic resin treatment of wood for improving weathering properties. In: Imamura, Y. (Ed.), High-performance Utilization of Wood for Outdoor Uses,World Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto. Japan pp. 85-96.
16 Tanczos, I., Schmidt, H. 2002. Quantam process-new sulfur-free delignification. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 22(4): 219-233.   DOI
17 Temiz, A., Yildiz, U.C., Aydin, I., Eikenes, M., Alfredsen, G., Colakoglu, G. 2005: Surface roughness and color characteristics of wood treated with preservatives after accelerated weathering test. Applied Surface Science 250(1-4): 35-42.   DOI
18 The Korea wood newspaper, 2017. The Present Status of Modern Wooden Architecture in Korea, No. 554
19 Tomak, E.D., Ustaomer, D., Yildiz, S., Pesman, E. 2014. Changes in surface and mechanical properties of heat-treated wood during natural weathering. Measurement 53: 30-39.   DOI
20 Turkoglu, T., Baysal, E., Toker, H. 2015. The effects of natural weathering on color stability of impregnated and varnished wood materials, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering.
21 Aloui, F., Ahajji, A., Irmouli, Y., George, B., Charrier, B., Merlin, A. 2007. Inorganic UV absorbers for the photostabilisation of wood-clearcoating systems: comparison with organic UV absorbers. Applied Surface Science 253(8): 3737-3745.   DOI
22 Nejad, M., Cooper, P. 2017. Exterior wood coatings, In Wood in Civil Engineering, InTech.
23 Nejad, M., Dadbin, M., Cooper, P. 2017. studying weathering performance of coatings on thermally modified wood, In: Proceedings ofInternational Research Group on Wood Protection IRG/WP 17-40805.
24 Nejad, M., Shafaghi, R., Ali, H., Cooper, P. 2012. Coating performance on oil-heat-treated wood for flooring. BioResources 8(2): 1881-1892.
25 Ohkoshi, M. 2002. FTIR-PAS study of light-induced changes in the surface of acetylated or polyethylene glycol-impregnated wood. Journal of wood science 48(5): 394-401.   DOI
26 Ozgenc, O., Hiziroglu, S., Yildiz, U.C. 2012. Weathering properties of wood species treated with different coating applications. BioResources 7(4): 4875-4888.
27 Pandey, K.K., Pitman, A.J. 2002. Weathering characteristics of modified rubberwood(Hevea brasiliensis). J. Applied Polymer Science 85(3): 622-631.   DOI
28 Arnold, M., Feist, W.C., William R.S. 1992. Effect of weathering new wood on the subsequent performance of semitransparent stain. Forest Products Journal 42(3): 10-14.
29 Awoyemi, L., Cooper, P., Ung, T. 2009. In-treatment cooling during thermal modification of wood in soy oil medium: soy oil uptake, wettability, water uptake and swelling properties. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 67(4): 465-470.   DOI
30 Ayadi, N., Lejeune, F., Charrier, F., Charrier, B., Merlin, A. 2003. Colour stability of heat-treated wood during artificial weathering. Holz alz Roh- und Werkstoff 61(3): 221-226.   DOI
31 Beckers, E.P.J., de Keijer, M., Militz, H., Stevens, M. 1998. Performance of finishes on wood that is chemically modified by acetylation. Journal of Coatings Technology 70(878): 59-67.   DOI
32 Bhat, I., Khalil, H.P.S.A., Awang, K.B., Bakare, I.O., Issam, A.M. 2010. Effect of weathering on physical, mechanical and morphological properties of chemically modified wood materials. Materials & Design 31(9): 4363-4368.   DOI
33 Bull, D.C. 2001. The chemistry of chromated copper aarsenate ll, Preseervative-wood interactions. Wood Science and Technology 34(6): 459-466.   DOI
34 Carola, E.C., Mariaenrica, F. 2014. Novel UV-cured nanocomposite used for the protection of walnut wood artworks. Wood Research 59: 229-244.
35 Chang, S.T., Hon, D.N.S., Feist, W.C. 1982. Photodegradation and Photoprotection of wood surfaces. Wood & Fiber Science 14(2): 104-117.
36 Pandey, K.K., Chandrashekar, N. 2006. Photostability of wood surfaces esterified by benzoyl chloride. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 99: 2367-2374.   DOI
37 Park, C.H., Kim, H.J. 2013. Combustion behavior and weathering characteristic of sodium silicate coated wood. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology pp.162-163.
38 Nejad, M., Cooper, P. 2011. Exterior wood coatings. Part-1: Performance of semitransparent stains on preservative-treated wood. Journal of Coatings Technology Research 8(4): 449-458.   DOI
39 Petric, M., Knehtl, B., Krause, A., Militz, H., Pavlic, M., Petrissans, M., Rapp, A., Tomazic, M., Welzbacher, C., Gerardin, P. 2007. Wettability of waterborne coatings on chemically and thermally modified pine wood. Journal of Coatings Technology Research 4(2): 203-206.   DOI
40 Weichelt, F., Emmler, R., Flyunt, R., Beyer, E., Buchmeiser, M.R., Beyer, M. 2010. ZnO‐Based UV Nanocomposites for Wood Coatings in Outdoor Applications. Macromolecular Materials & Engineering 295(2): 130-136.   DOI
41 Williams, R.S., Sotos, P., Feist, W.C. 1999. Evaluation of several finishes on severely weathered wood. Journal of Coatings Technology 71(895): 97-102.   DOI
42 Wolkenhauer, A., Wolkenhauer, A., Avramidis, G., Militz, H., Viol, W. 2008. Plasma treatment of heat treated beech wood-investigation on surface free energy. Holzforschung 62(4): 472-474.   DOI
43 Xing, D., Wang, S., Li, J. 2015. Effect of Artificial Weathering on the Properties of Industrial-Scale thermally Modified Wood. BioResources 10(4), 8238-8252
44 Yu, Y., Jiang, Z., Wang, G., Song, Y. 2010. Growth of ZnO nanofilms on wood with improved photostability. Holzforschung 64(3): 385-390.   DOI
45 Yuner, Z., Evans, P.D. 2017. Surface Protection of Wood with Metal Acetylacetonates, In: Proceedings of International Research Group on Wood Protection IRG/WP 17-40802.
46 Zahora, A.R. 2000. Long-term performance of a "wax' type additive for use with water-borne pressure preservative treatments, International Research Group on Wood Preservation IRG/WP 00-40159.
47 Zhang, J., Kamdem, D.P., Temiz, A. 2009. Weathering of copper-amine treated wood. Applied Surface Science 256(3): 842-846.   DOI
48 Chang, S.T., Chou, P.L. 2000. Photodiscoloration inhibition of wood coated with UV-curable acrylic clear coatings and its elucidation. Polymer Degradation and Stability 69: 355-360.   DOI
49 Chang, S.T., Wand, S.Y., Su, Y.C. 1998. Retention of red color in Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomeriodesHay.) haertwood. Holzforschung 52(1): 13-17.   DOI
50 Christy, A.G., Senden, T.J., Evans, P.D. 2005. Automated measurement of checks at wood surfaces. Measurement 37(2): 109-118.   DOI
51 Cornfield, A., Hale, M., Fellis, G. 1994. A comparison of analytical and visual techniques used for assessment of weathering properties of chromium and copper azole treated timber, International Research Group on Wood preservation, IRG/WP/94-20023.
52 Cristea, M.V., Riedl, B., Blanchet, P. 2010. Enhancing the performance of exterior waterborne coatings for wood by inorganic nanosized UV absorbers. Progress in Organic Coatings 69(4): 432-441.   DOI
53 Cui, F., Zahora, A.R., 2000. Effect of Water repellent additive on the performance of ACQ treated decks, International Research Group on Wood Preservation IRG/WP 00-40168.
54 Dubey, M.K., Pang, S., Walker, J. 2010. Color and dimensional stability of oil heat-treated radiata pinewood after accelerated UV weathering. Forest Products Journal 60(5): 453-459.   DOI
55 Ekstedt, J. 2002. Influence of coating additives on water vapour absorption and desorption in Norway spruce. Holzforschung 56(6): 663-668.   DOI
56 Pinnell, S.R., Fairhurst, D., Gillies, R., Mitchnick, M.A., Kollias, N. 2000. Microfine zinc oxide is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide. Dermatologic surgery 26(4): 309-314.   DOI
57 Pittman, C.U., Kim, M.G., Nicholas, D.D., Wang, L.C., Kabir, F.R.A., Schultz, T. P., Ingram, L.I. 1992. Wood enhancement treatments. 1. Impregnation of southern yellow pine with melamine-formaldehyde and melamine-ammeline-formaldehyde resins. Holzforschung 46(5): 395-401.   DOI
58 Pizzi, A. 1980. Wood waterproofing and lignin crosslinking by means of chromium trioxide. guaiacyl units complexes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25(11): 2547-2553.   DOI
59 Esteves, B.M., Pereira H.M. 2009. Wood modification by heat treatment: A review. BioResources 4(1): 370-404.
60 Evans, P.D., Michell, A.J., Schmalzl, K.J. 1992. Studies of the degradation and protection of wood surfaces. Wood Science & Technology 26(2): 151-163.   DOI
61 Qi, Y., Febrianto, F., Hwang, W.J., Hidayat, W., Jang, J.H., Park, S. W., Kim, N. H. 2016. Color Change of Major Wood Species Planted in Indonesia by Ultraviolet Radiation. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 44(1): 9-18.   DOI
62 Rapp, A.O., Peek, R.D. 1999. Melamine resin treated as well as varnish coated and untreated solid wood during two years of natural weathering. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 57(5): 331-339.   DOI
63 Reinprecht, L., Panek, M. 2015. Effects of wood roughness, light pigments, and water repellent on the color stability of painted spruce subjected to natural and accelerated weathering. BioResources 10(4): 7203-7219.
64 Rogez, D. 2002. Color stabilization of wood and durability improvement of wood coaings: A new UV lightprotection concept for indoor and ortdoor applications. Paint & Coatings Industry 18(3): 56-65.
65 Rowell, R. 2005. Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 139-185.
66 Petrissans, M., Gerardin, P., Serraj, M. 2003. Wettability of heat-treated wood. Holzforschung 57(3): 301- 307.   DOI
67 Rowell, R.M. 2013. Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites 2ndedtion, pp. 151-252.
68 Evans, P.D., Pirie, J.D.R., Cunningham, R.B., Donnelly, C.F., Schmalzl, K.J. 1994. A Quantitative weathering study of wood surfaces modified by cchromium VI and iron III compounds. Part 2. Image analysis of cell wall pet micro-checking. Holzforschung 48(4): 331-336.   DOI
69 Evans, P.D., Schmalzl, K.J. 1989. A Quantitative weathering study of wood surfaces modigied by cchromium VI and iron III compounds. Part 1. Loss in zero-span tensile strength and weight of thin wood veneers. Holzforschung 43(5): 289-292.   DOI
70 Evans, P.D., Owens, N.L., Schmid, S., Webster, R.D. 2002. Weathering and photostability of benzoylated wood. Polymer Degradation and Stability 76: 291-303.   DOI
71 Evans, P.D., Vollmer, S., Kim, J.D.W., Chan, G., Kraushaar Gibson, S. 2016. Improving the performance of clear coatings on wood through the aggregation of marginal gains. Coatings 6(4): 66.   DOI
72 Evans, P.D., Wallis, A.F.A., Owen, N.L. 2000a. Weathering of chemically modified wood surfaces-Natural weathering of Scots pine acetylated to different weight gains. Wood Science & Technology 34(2): 151-165.   DOI
73 Evans, P.D., Donnelly, C.F., Cunningham, R.B. 2003, Checking of CCA-treated radiata pine decking timber exposed to natural weathering. Forest Products Journal 53(4): 66-71.
74 Evans, P.D., Wingate-Hill, R., Cunningham, R.B. 2009. Wax and oil emulsion additives:How effective are they at improving the performance of preservative-treated wood. Forest Products Journal 59(1/2): 66-70.
75 Feist, W.C., Ross, A.S. 1995. Performance and durability of finishes on previously coated CCA-treated wood. Forest Products Journal 45(9): 29.
76 Feist, W., Williams, R.S., 1991. Weathering durability of chromium-treated southern pine. Forest Products Journal 41(1): 8-14.
77 Rowell, R.M., Ibach, R.E., McSweeny, J., Nilsson, T. 2009. Understanding decay resistance, dimensional stability and strength changes in heat-treated and acetylated wood. Wood material science and engineering 4(1-2): 14-22.   DOI
78 Salla, J., Pandey, K.K., Srinivas, K. 2012. Improvement of UV resistance of wood surfaces by using ZnO nanoparticles. Polymer Degradation and Stability 97(4): 592-596.   DOI
79 Forsthuber, B., Grill, G. 2010. The effects of HALS in the prevention of photodegradation of acrylic clear topcoats and wooden surfaces. Polymer Degradation and Stability 95: 746-755.   DOI
80 George, B., Suttie, E., Merlin, A., Deglise, X. 2005. Photodegradation and photostabilisation of wood-The state of the art. Polymer Degradation and Stability 88(2): 268-274.   DOI
81 Gobakken, L.R., Westin, M. 2008. Surface mould growth on five modified wood substrates coated with three different coating systems when exposed outdoors. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 62(4): 397-402.   DOI
82 Grelier, S., Castellan A., Kamdem D.P. 2000. Photoprotection of copper-amine-treated pine. Wood and Fiber Science 32(2): 196-202.
83 Grill, G., Tscherne, F., Spitaler, I., Forsthuber, B. 2014. Comparison of wood coating durability in natural weathering and artificial weathering using fluorescent UV-lamps and water. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 72(3): 367-376.   DOI
84 Satas, D., Tracton, A.A. 2001. Coatings Technology Handbook, New York: Marcel Dekker. 902.
85 Schaller, C., Rogez, D. 2007. New approaches in wood coating stabilization. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 4(4): 401-409.   DOI
86 Schauwecker, C., Preston, A., Morrell, J.J. 2009. A look at the weathering performance of solid wood decking materials. Journal of Coatings Technology 6(9): 32-38.
87 Sharrock, R.F. 1990. A European approach to UV protection with a novel pigment. Journal of Coatings Technology 62(789): 125-130.
88 Shi, Q., Jiang, J.H. 2011. Color stability of heat-treated okan sapwood during artificial weathering. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 197), pp. 13-16. Trans Tech Publications.
89 Shin, H.C., Hwang, W.J., Yoon, S.M., Kim, Y.S. 2018. Changes in physical and chemical characteristics of commercial woods in Korea market exposed to accelerated weathering. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology.
90 Shoubo, N. 2017. "Maintenance of exterior wood", In the report of open symposium on the woodysm of city and use of preservative treated wood in the 33rdannual conference of Japan Wood Protection Association. Mokuzaihozon 43(5): 290-293.
91 Singh, A.P., Dawson, B.S. 2003. The mechanism of failure of clear coated wooden boards as revealed by microscopy. International Association Wood Anatomists Journal 24(1): 1-11.
92 Hansmann, C., Deka, M., Wimmer, R., Gindl, W. 2006. Artificial weathering of wood surfaces modified by melamine formaldehyde resins. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 64(3): 198-203.   DOI
93 Hayoz, P., Peter, W., Rogez, D. 2003. A new innovative stabilization method for the protection of natural wood. Progress in Organic Coatings 48: 297-309.   DOI
94 Hill, C.A.S. 2006. Wood modification, Chemical, Thermal and other processes. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester
95 Hon, D.N.S., Chang, S.T. 1985. Photoprotection of wood surfaces by woo-ion complexes. Wood & Fiber Science 17(1): 92-100.
96 Hon, D.N.S. 2010. Weathering and photochemistry of wood. In Wood and cellulosic chemistry, 2 ed.; Hon, D. N.-S.; Shiraishi, N., Eds. 513-, The CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
97 Huang, X., Kocaefe, D., Kocaefe, Y. Boluk, Y., Pichette, A. 2012. Changes in wettability of heat-treated wood due to artificial weathering. Wood Science and Technology 46(6); 1215-1237   DOI
98 mamura, Y. 1993.Morphological Changes in Acetylated Wood Exposed to Weathering. Wood research : bulletin of the Wood Research Institute Kyoto University 79: 54-61.
99 Isaji, S. 2016. Weathering durability and service life prediction of coated wood in cold and snowy region. Mokuzaihozon 42(2): 56-61.
100 Ishikawa, A., Kataoka, Y., Mastunaga, M., Kobayashi, T., Kobayashi, M., Mastunaga, H., Kawamoto, S., Kiguchi, M., Yamamoto, K. 2017. Weatherability of wood preservative semi-transparent coatings (IV) - Effects of re-finishing on service-life extension-, Mokuzaihozon(Wood Protection) 43(2): 80-89.
101 Jamsa, S., Ahola, P., Viitaniemi, P. 2000. Long-term natural weathering of coated ThermoWood. Pigment & Resin Technology 29(2): 68-74.   DOI
102 Kataoka, Y., Ishikawa, A., Kobayashi, M., Matsunaga, M., Matsunaga, H., Kiguchi, M. 2015. Weatherability of sugi (Crytomeria japonica D.Don) sound brriers - Enhanced performance of coatings applied on preservative-treated wood. Mokuzaihozon 41(2): 62-70.
103 Kataoka, Y., Yamamoto, K., Kawamoto, S., Kobayashi, M., Kiguchi, M. 2011a. Weatherability of water- borne wood preservative semi-transparent coatings(II) -Performance of coatings after re-finishing without removing old finish. Mokuzaihozon 37(2): 64-73.
104 Kataoka, Y., Yamamoto, K., Kawamoto, S., Kobayashi, M., Kiguchi, M. 2011b. Weatherability of water- borne wood preservative semi-transparent coatings (III) - The effects of sandinf process prior to re-finishing. Mokuzaihozon 37(6): 264-272.
105 Khedkar, S.V., Thorat, P.V., Pande, P.S., & Gopalani, R.P., 2017. Study of separation of pigments in paints for development of multicolor paint. Journal for Research, 3(Issue 04), 9-13.
106 Kiguchi, M., Kataoka, Y., Doi, S., Mori, M., Hasegawa, M., Morita, S., Kinjo, M., Kadekaru, Y., Imamura, Y. 1997. Improvement of weather resistance of film-forming type clear finishes by pre-treatment with PEG and influence of exposure test sites. Mokuzai Hozon 22: 10-17.
107 Kiguchi, M., Suzuki, M., Kinoshita, T., Kawamura, J. 1997. Evaluation of exterior pigmented stains by a new criterion of refinishing. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 52: 612-617.
108 Kim, K.H., Lee, D.H., Lee, M.J., 2003a. Effect of Accelerated Weathering on the Leaching of Copper from Preservative Treated Wood. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 31(4): 38-43
109 Kim, K.H., Lee, D.H., Lee, M.J., 2003b. Evaluation of Weathering Durability of Waterborne Preservative Treated Wood by Accelerated Weathering. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 31(4): 44-49.
110 Kim, Y.S. 2017. Current Researches on The Weathering of Wood. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 45(5): 483-494.   DOI
111 Kim, Y.S., Cha, M.Y., Jeong, W.Y., Lee, K.H., Bae, H.J. 2009. Chemical and Morphological Change and Discoloration of Cedar Wood Stored Indoor. Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 37(6): 566-577.
112 Kim, Y.S., Kim, G.H., Kim, Y.S., 2004. Wood preservation science, Publishing department of Cheonnam National University pp.160.
113 Kim, Y.S., Shin, H.C., Yoon, S.M., Park, S.H., Kim, S.D., Park M.K. 2017. Research on the characteristics of deteriorated woods by natural and accelerated weathering, A Report on the Consignment Research Projects of the National Institute of Forest Science, National Institute of Forest Science.
114 Knaebe, M. 2013. Finishline, Paint, stain, varnish, or preservative?, USDA Forest Service/Forest Products Laboratory, www.fpl.fs.fed.us