• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.43-50
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• 2014

This study assesses thermal environment of detached housing area by classifying buildings types with codes based on spatial characteristics and forms of the detached housing area and applying heat island alleviation measures, especially focused on FBCs (Form-Based Codes). We analyzed shapes and materials of outdoor space with 3D-CAD, which can affect the surface temperature of the case studies, focusing on heat island alleviation measures, and performed space design by applying relevant climate factors to a simulation. As to the 3D surface temperature and HIP distribution, low-temperature distribution was shown in the case studies when we applied heat island alleviation measures. FBCs (Form- Based Codes) is being developed for the purpose of creating new urban environment. This study is significant because it pays attention to the effects of surface temperatures on accumulation of sensible heat and reviews heat island alleviation measures with outdoor space shapes/materials in order to lower surface temperatures, aiming at improved pleasantness of the detached housing area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 1998

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mount of relief of human solar heat load and thermal comfort in outdoor environment in summer, Six different types of sites, T garden and its neighboring area in Japan, were selected as the experiment sites. The experiments were conducted from 22 to 29 August, 1994 to find the relationship between climatic conditions and human responses, Climatic conditions, subjects's thermal sensation and skin temperature were measured. Radiant heat exchange on the human body was estimated on the basis of the measured air and surface temperature and solar radiation. Thermal index Operative Temperature and New Effective Temperature was modified with the effect of the radiant heat exchange. Human thermal comfort and skin temperature is affected by the solar radiation and the sky factor in an outdoor environment. The effect of tree shade was verified on thermal comfort, The mount of relief of human solar heat load is relation to the existence of shade a solar radiation and the sky factor. The urban garden is one of the effective design element in an urban environmental planning.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2010

In this study, As a basic research for improving indoor thermal environment at tower type apartment houses, specifications of heat storage and heat emission in the structures of apartment houses were investigated, and the ratio of indoor and outdoor air velocity at tower type apartment house was examined, too. Indoor temperature at night time was higher than outdoor air temperature because heat emission from the structure of wall, ceiling and floor those are constructed by use of reinforced concrete which has large heat capacity. The ratio of indoor and outdoor air velocity was lower than 0.1 and this was caused by the plan of tower type apartment house. PMV was in the range of 0.3~1.9, and was about 1.0 (it means slightly warm) at 10 : 00 p.m.. To improve indoor thermal environment in summer season at tower type apartment houses, it needs more investigation on specifications of heat storage and heat emission in the structure including winter season, and on the improvement of the ratio of indoor and outdoor air velocity.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.31-39
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• 2016

Purpose: Urban heat island and Heat wave raise urban temperature and create damage of human life. Growing up as quantitative supply to solve shortage of housing, Urban residential area in Korea have a low rate of nature surface and heavily population makes temperature rise. Most houses in the declined residential area are multi-family rental housing and have many factors congesting housing environment such as narrow in-between space, outdoor staircases, walls and semi-basement floor, which make thermal environment getting worse. Most of the residents in this area are small tenants vulnerable to climate change adaptation, This damage is expected to be even greater. This study focus on multiple dwelling in urban residential area prone to temperature rise and draw temperature adaption method that can apply to multiple dwelling.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 2024

Background: Workers are often exposed to hazardous heat due to their work environment, leading to various injuries. As a result of climate change, heat-related injuries (HRIs) are becoming more problematic. This study aims to identify critical contributing factors to the severity of occupational HRIs. Methods: This study analyzed historical injury reports from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Contributing factors to the severity of HRIs were identified using text mining and model-free machine learning methods. The Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) was applied to explore the relationship between impact factors and the severity of HRIs. Results: The results indicated a higher risk of fatal HRIs among middle-aged, older, and male workers, particularly in the construction, service, manufacturing, and agriculture industries. In addition, a higher heat index, collapses, heart attacks, and fall accidents increased the severity of HRIs, while symptoms such as dehydration, dizziness, cramps, faintness, and vomiting reduced the likelihood of fatal HRIs. Conclusions: The severity of HRIs was significantly influenced by factors like workers' age, gender, industry type, heat index , symptoms, and secondary injuries. The findings underscore the need for tailored preventive strategies and training across different worker groups to mitigate HRIs risks.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2012

This study investigated the effects of annealing environment for the densification and purification properties of pure titanium coating layer manufactured by cold spraying. The annealing was conducted at $600^{\circ}C$/1 h and three kinds of environments of vacuum, Ar gas, and $5%H_2+Ar$ mixture gas were controlled. Cold sprayed Ti coating layer (as sprayed) represented 6.7% of porosity and 228 HV of hardness, showing elongated particle shapes (severe plastic deformation) perpendicular to injection direction. Regardless of gas environments, all thermally heat treated coating layers consisted of pure ${\alpha}$-Ti and minimal oxide. Vacuum environment during heat treatment represented superior densification properties (3.8% porosity, 156.7 HV) to those of Ar gas (5.3%, 144.5 HV) and $5%H_2+Ar$ mixture gas (5.5%, 153.1 HV). From the results of phase analysis (XRD, EPMA, SEM, EDS), it was found that the vacuum environment during heat treatment could be effective for reducing oxide contents (purification) in the Ti coating layer. The characteristic of microstructural evolution with heat treatment was found to be different at three different gas environments. The controlling method for improving densification and purification in the cold sprayed Ti coating material was also discussed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1399-1405
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• 2017

We compared the spatial distribution of several heat stress indices (the Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature(WBGT) index, Environmental Stress Index (ESI), and Modified Discomfort Index(MDI)) for the heat wave of June 6~August 26, 2016, in Daegu. We calculated the heat stress indices using data from the high density urban climate observation network in Daegu. The observation system was established in February. 2013. We used data from a total of 38 air temperature observation points (23 thermometers and 18 automatic weather stations). The values of the heat stress indices indicated that the danger level was very high from 0900-2000h in downtown Daegu. The daily maximum value of the WBGT was greater than or equal to $35^{\circ}C$. The differences in the heat stress indices from downtown and rural areas were higher in the daytime than at nighttime. The maximum difference was about 4 before and after 1400h, and the time variations of the heat stress indices corresponded well. Thus, we were able to confirm that the ESI and MDI can be substituted with the WBGT index.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.831-840
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• 2019

Recently, summer high temperature events caused by climate change and urban heat island phenomenon have become a serious social problem around the world. Urban areas have low albedo and huge heat storage, resulting in higher temperatures and longer lasting characteristics. To effectively consider the urban heat island measures, it is important to quantitatively grasp the impact of urban high temperatures on the society. Until now, the study of urban heat island phenomenon had been carried out focusing only on the effects of urban high temperature on human health (such as heat stroke and sleep disturbance). In this study, we focus on the effect of urban heat island phenomenon on air pollution. In particular, the relationship between high temperature phenomena in urban areas during summer and the concentration of photochemical oxidant is investigated. High concentrations of ozone during summer are confirmed to coincide with a day when the causative substances (NO2,VOCs) are high in urban areas during the early morning hours. Further, it is noted that the night urban heat island intensity is large.. Finally, although the concentration of other air pollutants has been decreasing in the long term, the concentration of photochemical oxidant gradually increases in Daegu.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2002

This study was carried out for reading the change of local meteorological environment according to dam construction of Nakdong-river using numerical model. The study used PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model version5(MM5) for inquiring effect of formation of artificial lake after dam construction. The colleague simulated temperature mixing ratio, latent heat flux and sensible heat flux in two cause of existing lake and not. Temperature and mixing ratio in southwest of Andong lake increased because of the air that was warm and moist above the lake moved to southwest due to the northeasterly wind. In the case of existing lake around Andong, latent heat flux increased much in the daytime after sunrise. However, sensible heat flux decreased but it didn't change distinctly in southwest of Andong like the other values.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2017

A high resolution model is proposed for calculating the temperature field of a large city, based upon a Lagrangian particle model. Utilizing the analogy between the heat and mass transport phenomena in turbulent flows, a Lagrangian particle model, originally developed for air pollutant dispersion problems, is adapted for simulating heat transport. In the model conceptual heat particles are released into the atmosphere from the heat sources and move along with the turbulent winds in accordance with the Markov process. The potential temperature assumed to be conserved along with heat particles serves as a tag, so the temperature fields can be deduced from the distribution of particles. The wind fields are constructed from a diagnostic meteorology model incorporating a morphological model designed for building flows. Test run shows the robustness of the modeling system.