• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1365-1378
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• 1999

This study is a methodological research study to develop an instrument to measure in patients with cancer and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The research procedure was as follows : 1) The first step was to develop conceptual framework based on a comprehensive review of the literature and in-depth interviews with patients with cancer. This conceptual framework was organized in to three dimensions (the intrapersonal dimension, the significant-other and context related dimension, the transcendental dimension). Initially 59 items were adopted. 2) These items were analyzed through the index of content validity(CVI) and 53 items were selected which met more than 80% on the CVI. 3) The pretest was carried out with 87 patients with cancer. After the pretest results were analyzed by item analysis, 44 items were selected. A second test of content validity was conducted and 6 items were eliminated considering the 80% CVI. 4) To test for reliability and validity, data collection was done during the period from January 25, 1999, to February 26, 1999. The subjects for the test were 160 patients with cancer and 185 healthy persons. analysis, item analysis and multitrait-multimethod method to analyze validity. The findings are as follows : 1) The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .92 for the total 38 items and .79, .82, .85, for the three dimensions in that order. 2) The item analysis was based on the corrected item to total correlation coefficient( .30 or more) and information about the alpha estimate if this item was dropped from the scale. 3) As a result of the initial factor analysis using principal component analysis and varimax rotation, one item was deleted because of factor complexity (indiscriminate factor loadings). In the secondary factor analysis, 7 factors with eigenvalue of more than 1.0 were extracted and these factors explained 56 percents of the total variance. The seven factors were labeled as 'family relationship', 'emotional condition', 'physical discomfort', 'meaning and goal of life', 'contextual stimuli', 'change of body image', 'guilt feelings'. 4) The convergence effect between this instrument and the life satisfaction scale was identified and there was significant positive correlation(r= .52, p= .00). The discriminant validity between this instrument and the depression scale(CES-D) was tested and there was significant negative correlation(r= -.50, p= .00). The instrument for accessing the suffering of patients with cancer developed in this study was identified as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. In this sense, this tool can be effectively utilized for assessment in caring for patients with cancer.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.242-248
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Feeding in infancy is the most significant determinant of the intestinal microbiota in early life. The aim of this study was to determine the gut microbiota of Korean infants and compare the microbiota obtained between breast-fed and formula-fed Korean infants. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We analyzed the microbial communities in fecal samples collected from twenty 4-week old Korean (ten samples in each breast-fed or formula-fed) infants using pyrosequencing. RESULTS: The fecal microbiota of the 4-week-old Korean infants consisted of the three phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. In addition, five species, including Bifidocbacterium longum, Streptococcus salivarius, Strepotococcus lactarius, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae, and Lactobacillus gasseri were common commensal intestinal microbiota in all infants. The predominant intestinal microbiota in the breast-fed infants (BFI) included the phylum Actinobacteria (average 70.55%), family Bifidobacteriacea (70.12%), genus Bifidobacterium (70.03%) and species Bifidobacterium longum (69.96%). In the microbiota from the formula-fed infants (FFI), the proportion of the phylum Actinobacteria (40.68%) was less, whereas the proportions of Firmicutes (45.38%) and Proteobacteria (13.85%) as well as the diversity of each taxonomic level were greater, compared to those of the BFI. The probiotic species found in the 4-week-old Korean infants were Bifidobacterium longum, Streptococcus salivarius, and Lactobacillus gasseri. These probiotic species accounted for 93.81% of the microbiota from the BFI, while only 63.80% of the microbiota from the FFI. In particular, B. longum was more abundant in BFI (69.96%) than in FFI (34.17%). CONCLUSIONS: Breast milk supports the growth of B. longum and inhibits others. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first attempt to analyze the gut microbiota of healthy Korean infants according to the feeding type using pyrosequencing. Our data can be used as a basis for further studies to investigate the development of intestinal microbiota with aging and disease status.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1970

Studies on the analysis of walking were performed on 33 male subjects. A prescription of physical exercise (walking at a speed of greater than 6 km/hr for more than one hour daily) for the promotion of individual health is presented on the basis of walking analysis. Presumptions were made that adequate physical exercise does promote health and is beneficial for the healthy life and increases the life span. These presumptions were derived from the numerous experimental literatures. The literatures support indirectly the presumptions. The following results were obtained and prescription of physical exercise is presented. 1. Oxygen uptake in a walking on a treadmill at a speed of 4 km/hr was only 3 times of the resting oxygen uptake. This kind of moderate exercise did not stimulate the cardiopulmonary system adequately. Heart rate at a 4 km/hr walking was 101 beats/min in boys of less than 20 years old and 83 beats/min in adults. Oxygen uptake at a 6 km/hr walking exceeded 4 times of the resting oxygen uptake. It was interpreted that walking at 6 km/hr stimulated the cardiopulmonary system for the promotion of health. Heart rate at this speed was greater than 110 beats/min in boys and greater than 100 beats/min in adults. 2. Heart rates in a walking of 10 km/hr were 172 beats/min in boys, and 143 beats/min in adults, respectively. Maximal heart rates were 185 beats/min in boys, 180 in office clerks, and 168 beats/min in construction site laboreres. 3. The correlation between heart rate and oxygen uptake was high, namely, r>0.95. Subsequently heart rate could be used as a measure of degree of intensity of physical exercise instead of the cumbersome oxygen uptake measurement. 4. The prescription of physical exercise for the promotion of health is: Daily walking for more than one hour at a speed of greater than 6 km/hr. Bodily functions in this daily walking are in boys (body weight, 50 kg): heart rates of 110 beats/min; breathing frequency, 28/min; oxygen uptake, greater than 4 times of the resting uptake; pulmonary ventilation, 351/min; stride, 124 strides/min; cumulative number of strides for one hour, 7,440 strides, and energy expenditure of more than 300 kcal. In adults (body weight, 60 kg) the bodily functions are: heart rates of 100 beats/min, breathing frequency, 28/min; oxygen uptake, greater than 4 times of the resting uptake; Pulmonary ventilation, 301/min; stride, 127 strides/min; cumulative number of strides for one hour, 7,670 strides, and energy expenditure of more than 300 kcal.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.60
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• pp.253-282
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• 2019

College students majoring in bodyguards learn and acquire bodyguard martial arts to protect the life and property of the subjects. Also, the bodyguard martial arts are helping to improve and maintain the body and spirit of the bodyguards. However, more and more students majoring in security at universities are becoming obese due to lack of time to participate in bodyguard training and excessive food intake, which could have a negative impact on their future security work as well as their health condition. In this study, the effect of 10 weeks of Judo training on body composition, blood lipid and immune function on Security Majoring obese male college students was determined to be as follows. 1. Weight(p<.05), ; body fat ratio(p<.05), BMI(p<.01) etc. of body composition after Judo training were significantly reduced, and in the case of BMI(F=4.488, p<05), there were significant differences in interaction between groups and timing. 2. After judo training, TC (p<.05) and LDL-C(p<.01) of the blood lipid showed a significant decrease. 3. After judo training, lymphocytes of leukocytes were shown to increase significantly(p<.05), lymphocytes(F=11.772, p<.01) showed significant differences among groups. 4. After judo training, IgA and IgG of immunoglobulin were shown to increase significantly (p<.05), IgA(F=7.646, p<.05) and IgG (F=14.267, p<.01) showed significant differences among groups. Considering the above results, it is thought that judo training can prevent obesity due to reduced body fat and reduce neutral fat and cholesterol, thus preventing arteriosclerotic diseases. In addition, it is expected to play a positive role in defense against human bacterial infections, inflammatory reactions, and external antigen in immune function. It is thought that this will not only prevent the bodyguards' obesity but also maintain a healthy life and improve the security work efficiency. However, some studies have shown results that are somewhat different from the results of this study, so studies on blood lipids, immune function, and exercise will require more detailed research on various methods of exercise, such as exercise time and intensity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1325-1329
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• 2014

Gugija (Lycii chinese Miller) is traditionally consumed as a Chinese medicinal material in food, tea, or alcoholic beverages. Gugija has beneficial healthy components, but it produces an off-flavor during storage. This study compared the flavor components of fresh-dried Gugija and stale-dried Gugija. The flavor compounds in one fresh sample (sample 1) and one stale sample (sample 2) were extracted by the simultaneous distillation and extraction method. The concentrated aroma extracts were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forty-five compounds, including 17 aldehydes, 8 alcohols, 6 terpene compounds, 4 esters, 3 ketones, and 3 pyrazines, were isolated in sample 1. Thirty-four compounds, including 12 aldehydes, 3 alcohols, 5 terpene compounds, 2 esters, 3 ketones, 3 pyrazines, and 1 acid, were isolated in sample 2. The main aroma components of sample 1 were 2-methyl butanal, 2-methyl propanol having sweet odor, and hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenol having grass odor, and phenyl acetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol having floral odor, and alkyl pyrazines having nutty odor. These compounds were decreased in sample 2, and several compounds containing isovaleric acid, which has a disagreeable, rancid-cheese odor were found newley.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1351-1357
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• 2019

This study investigated the effect of plant oil emulsion as a replacement for animal fat on the quality characteristics of low-fat pork patties. Pork patties were manufactured using a pork fat control (CON) and olive (OPP), soybean (SPP), and canola (CPP) oil emulsions. Replacing animal fat with the plant oil emulsions increased the moisture content and decreased the fat content of the patties as compared to those with pork fat. The water holding capacity and cooking yield, and the moisture and fat retention of the patties were significantly increased, and the diameter reduction and shrinkage ratio decreased with the plant oil replacements. The color parameters of the samples were affected by the addition of the plant oil emulsions, and higher L^* and a^* values were observed in CON. The b^* value of the raw pork patty was highest in OPP, and palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid. In terms of unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acid was highest in CON, OPP, and CPP, and linoleic acid was highest in SPP. Hardness, cohesion, and chewiness were no different among the samples, although higher springiness was observed in the pork patties with added plant oil emulsions. The taste, flavor, and palatability of the OPP and CPP patties were higher than in the CON and SPP groups. Fat replacement with plant oil emulsion therefore had a positive effect on the quality characteristics of the pork patties, and due to reduced saturated fatty acids, the end-product provides the healthy low-fat option desired by consumers.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.767-772
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the effect of betaine on the hypoglycemia and hepatoprotection of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing around 280 g were randomly assigned to the three experimental groups: a healthy normal group and two groups with STZ-induced diabetes and fed either control diet or betaine diet. Betaine given to the STZ-diabetic rats had significant effect in lowering the serum glucose concentrations compared to the STZ-diabetic rats. The alanine aminotransferase (AST) and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) activities and triglyceride contents in serum were dramatically higher in the STZ-diabetic rats, but these increases in relation to diabetes also decreased in the STZ-diabetic rats fed betaine. However, the total-cholesterol concentration in the STZ-diabetic rats was even increased by betaine. The morphology of the pancreatic islets in the normal rats showed a typical round form, but most of the islets in the STZ-diabetic rats showed severe morphological alterations by being markedly destroyed. However, the islet morphology of STZ-diabetic rats given betaine mostly maintained a normal rounded appearance. The present study strongly suggests that the administration of betaine showed a moderate hypoglycemic effect by protecting the pancreatic beta-cells by morphological examination from STZ-induced destruction.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.734-739
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• 2006

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of mesangi (Capsosiphon fulvecens) in carbon tetrachloride $(CCI_4)$-induced liver injury. Thirty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups : the normal (Normal), $CCI_4$-treated $(CCI_4)$, and mesangi-treated (Exp-CF) groups. Administration of $CCI_4$ increased the levels of GOT, GPT, and LDH in serum, while the levels were significantly decreased by the addition of mesangi. Higher levels of HDL-cholesterol were found in the Normal and Exp-CF groups, which has lower levels of total and LDL-cholesterol. Administration of $CCI_4$ also increased IGFBP-1 expression in serum, but it was decreased in the Exp-CF group. This suggests that $CCI_4$ is involved in the change in IGFBP-1 expression via its hepatotoxicity. The results indicate that mesangi has a hepatoprotective effect in rats given $CCI_4$.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.90-114
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the influence and effect of muscle enforcement program on Activity of daily living(ADL) improvement and posture balance of the old, and to provide more effective muscle enforcement program and educational data. The muscle enforcement exercise program was performed on the old(institution, 16 men, 10 women) for 8 weeks from April 22, 2002 through June 17,2002. Programed Exercise 1 - Exercise 10 were practised 8 times per program for 3 days a week. The load of exercise was increased per two weeks. The methods of measurement were questionnaire, Indiana 47903(action-response analysis machine) and Sample exercise protocol for KAT 2000(balance training device). SAS/PC statistic analysis was used for data analysis. T-test was used for analysis of change before and after exercise in this study. The summary and conclusions are as follows. 1. On subjectively recognized health states, the healthy were $42.3\%$. On the satisfaction with health states, the satisfied were $50.0\%$. On the factors of effects on daily-life behavior performance, the group who had troubles was $50\%$ and the group who was so and so was $34.6\%$ compared with the old of the same age. On prospect about health states in the future, the group who would be better was $38.\%$. On effective methods for problem solving, exercise was $42.3\%.\;88.5\%$ of respondents answered the need of health care. The participation intention in health program was $92.3\%$. 2. On the change of psychological emotion and behavior aspects, the group who had repeated complaints or anxieties and reduced activities or interests was effective(P<0.01). 3. On the improvement effects of IADL difficulties, the group who had difficulties in doing daily-life indoors was improved effectively compared with before and after exercise(P<0.01). On medication management, the effects of improvement after exercise were high compared with before exercise(P<0.01), the effects of improvement was high on the whole. 4. On the effects of ADL function improvement, putting on upper clothing and lower clothing was improved effectively(P<0.05), toilet use and individual sanitation was improved effectively(P<0.05). 5. On the effects of action-response, the results of 8weeks regular exercise program were not different significantly compared with before and after exercise. The behavior quickness of the old by muscle enforcement program was not increased. This means that the old needs much time for exercise sense training because of the regression of cognition sense. 6. In the effect of posture balance, the whole grades were effective from 1272.69 before excercise to 476.92 after exercise(P<0.01). Especially right balance 657.65 was lowered to 208.57 after exercise most effectively(P<0.01). Rear balance 776.34 before exercise was lowered to 136.65 after exercise. The results of measurement were significant(P<0.05).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.275-279
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• 2004

Gene polymorphisms of cytokines and their receptors are attractive candidates as genetic factors in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases and have been reported to be associated with disease susceptibility to autoimmune, inflammatory and infectious diseases. IL-29 is one of important candidate genes for complex trait of genetic diseases but there is no published survey of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene. In this study, for the first time, we have examined the full genomic sequence of IL-29 including the promoter regions to identify SNPs. We examined the frequencies of genotypes and alleles at the SNP site of IL-29 in allergic rhinitis patients and non-allergic rhinitis controls using the direct sequencing method to determine whether this IL-29 SNP is associated with allergic rhinitis in Korean population. We identified one novel SNP (1184C＞A) in the intron 2 and one novel variation site (-1842_-1841dupGA) in the promoter region of human IL-29 gene. The P values of SNP or variation site were not significant between the healthy controls and allergic rhinitis patients. Our results suggest that the 1184C＞A polymorphism and -1842_-1841dupGA variation site in human IL-29 gene were not associated to allergic rhinitis.