일부 대학생의 커피섭취량에 따른 커피섭취행동, 식습관 및 식사 영양소 섭취 (Coffee consumption behaviors, dietary habits, and dietary nutrient intakes according to coffee intake amount among university students)
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- Journal of Nutrition and Health
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- 제50권3호
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- pp.270-283
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- 2017
본 연구는 충남 공주시 K대학교의 남녀 대학생 300명을 대상으로 설문조사 및 식사조사를 통해 커피 섭취 수준에 따른 커피섭취행동, 식습관, 식사 영양소 섭취량과의 관계를 분석하였다. 설문조사는 자기기입식으로 응답되었으며, 식사조사는 주중 2일간 식사기록법으로 이루어졌다. 최근 1년간 1일 커피 섭취 수준 및 대상자 분포를 고려해 조사대상자를 커피를 섭취하지 않은 무섭취군 (non coffee group, NCG), 1일 1~2잔을 섭취한 저섭취군 (low coffee group, LCG), 1일 3잔을 섭취한 고섭취군 (high coffee group, HCG)으로 나누었다. 그 결과, 조사대상자는 남자 47.3%, 여자 52.7%로 비슷하였으며, 평균 만나이는 남자
본 연구는 현재 영양교사·영양사들의 식재료 가격 조사방법에 대한 실태 및 향후 요구도를 파악하기 위해 진행되었다. 모집단인 전국 11,818개교에서 비례층화 표본방법으로 약 10%의 학교를 추출하였다. 총 1,158개교에 설문지를 배부하였고, 그 중 회수된 439부(회수율 37.9%)는 SPSS(ver 25.0) 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 분석을 진행하였다. 현재 시장가격 조사 방법에 대한 만족도가 낮은 식재료는 공산품(3.26점), 지역산 식재료(3.33점), 수산물(3.34점), 과일류(3.37점), 채소 및 서류(3.38점)로 나타났고, 이 중 공산품을 제외하고는 지역산 식재료를 포함하여 농산물로 대부분 구성되어있다. 식재료 시장가격 조사 시 공산품 7.94시간, 채소 및 서류 6.94시간, 친환경 식재료 6.25시간, 지역산 식재료 6.24시간, 과일류 6.16시간, 수산물 5.75시간 순으로 시간이 소요되며, 이는 식재료 시장가격 조사에 만족도가 낮은 식재료 종류와 중복되는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 현재 학교에서 직접 가격 조사를 시행하는 빈도가 높은 식재료의 경우 공산품 227개교(52.9%), 과일류 168개교(38.5%), 특용작물 165개교(37.8%), 수산물 164개교(38.1%), 채소 및 서류 160개교(36.8%), 난류 144개교(33.3%), 절임가공품 150개교(37.9%)로 나타났다. 더불어 초등학교와 중·고등학교로 구분하여 현재 실시하고 있는 식재료 시장가격 조사 방법을 살펴본 결과, 초등학교는 식량작물, 채소 및 서류, 친환경 식재료, 지역산 식재료의 경우 학교급식지원센터에서 구성한 TFT에서 조사한 자료 사용에 대해 응답한 비율이 가장 높게 나타났으나 중·고등학교의 경우 인근 학교와 공동조사하거나 학교에서 직접 조사하여 활용하는 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 향후 원하는 식재료 시장가격 조사 방법을 살펴본 결과, 초등학교의 경우 식량작물, 채소 및 서류, 특용작물, 과일류, 난류, 수산물, 친환경 식재료, 지역산 식재료의 경우 학교급식지원센터에서 구성한 TFT에서 조사한 자료 사용에 대한 요구도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며 축산물, 공산품, 절임가공품은 교육청에서 외부전문기관에 의뢰하여 제공하는 조사자료 사용에 대한 요구도가 높았다. 중·고등학교의 경우 모든 식재료 품목에서 교육(지원)청에서 구성한 TFT에서 조사한 자료 사용에 대한 요구도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 학교에서는 직접 식재료 시장가격을 조사하기보다는 공신력 있는 외부 기관이나 같은 교육(지원)청 내의 영양교사·영양사와의 협력을 통해 식재료 시장가격 조사에 투입되는 시간이나 비용을 효율적으로 사용하기를 원하는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 시·도 교육청이나 교육지원청에서 구성하여 일괄 조사하거나 공인된 자료를 바탕으로 식재료 시장가격을 조사 및 분석, 외부 전문기관에 의뢰 등의 방법 개선이 필요하며, 각 지역의 학교급식지원센터와 같이 일괄적으로 식재료를 공급하는 곳에서 외부와 가격 비교가 어려운 식재료 품목만이라도 시장가격 공개 혹은 공유가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 즉, 실제 학교급식에 납품되는 규격, 식재료 납품 단가 등에 대한 비교자료가 존재하지 않는 친환경 및 지역산 식재료의 경우 가격에 대한 평가가 불가능한 상황임을 고려하여, 우선적으로 시·도교육청에서 조사한 결과 혹은 학교급식지역센터에서 제공하는 가격정보를 바탕으로 통합적으로 운영할 수 있는 홈페이지를 운영하는 것이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 더불어 향후에는 홈페이지를 통해 학교급식에서 사용하는 식재료의 품목 수를 증가시키는 것이 필요하며, 더불어 정보의 질 유지를 위하여 공신력 있는 기관에서 주관하여 운영하거나 위탁하여 운영하는 것이 가장 이상적일 것이라 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 학교급식 식재료 시장조사수집에 대한 현주소를 보여줄 수 있는 의미 있는 결과물이 될 것이며, 향후 학교급식 식재료 가격 수집 및 공개방법에 대한 정책마련의 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.
Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.