• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1295-1309
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• 2016

This paper is to reproduce the result of Kim et al. (2014) by deriving a benchmark dose lower bound (BMDL) of lead based on the 2005 cohort data set of Children's Health and Environmental Research (CHEER) data set. The ADHD rating scales in the 2005 cohort were not consistent along the three follow-ups since two different ADHD rating scales were used in the cohort. We first unified the ADHD rating scales in the 2005 cohort by deriving a conversion formula using a penalized linear spline. We then constructed two linear mixed models for the 2005 cohort which reflected the longitudinal characteristics of the data set. The first model introduced the random intercept and the random slope terms and the second model assumed the first order autoregressive structure of the error term. Using these two models, we derived the BMDLs of lead and reconfirmed the "regression to the mean" nature of the ADHD score discovered by Kim et al. (2014). We also noticed that there was a definite difference between the sampling distributions of the two cohorts. As a result, taking this difference into account, we were able to obtain the consistent result with Kim et al. (2014).

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean version of the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale(LEAS-K) and to examine its validity and reliability. Methods: LEAS-K was developed from translating original LEAS into Korean. The subjects were 476 Korean medical students(322 males and 154 females). The internal consistency was evaluated with the Cronbach's alpha coefficients and 40 protocols were independently scored by two raters to confirm interrater reliability. Additionally, a Korean version of 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale(TAS-20K), Korean versions of the Openness to Experience Inventory(OE), the Marlowe-Crowne Scale (MCS), the Bendig short form of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale(TMAS) and the Emotional Expressivity Scale(EES) were rated to evaluate concurrent validity. Results: The internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.81 and interrater reliability was high{r(40)=0.99}. Correlation coefficients for concurrent validity were nonsignificant with TMAS and EES. LEAS-K correlated significantly with TAS-20K{r(476)=-0.10, p<0.05}, OE {r(476)=0.10, p<0.05} and MCS {r(476)=0.10, p<0.05}. Conclusion: LEAS-K was demonstrated to have high reliability and validity.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.333-345
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• 2000

The health care environment becomes more competitive every day. It has fallen to nurse managers - from vice presidents of patient care to nurse managers and their assistants - to recruit and develop a workforce that successfully meets the needs of both patients and the organization. This means employees who demonstrate advanced critical thinking skills, creative problem solving, and sound decision making skills combined with clinical skills and patient advocacy. The environment which nurse managers create and the way they relate to their workforce, are pivotal to organizational viability. Especially leadership of first -line nurse managers contributes to the success of their organizations. First-line nurse managers are deserved to be one of the most administrative supervisors through the middle stratum in a hospital organization as being a manager in the field service if assessed from the overall aspects of hospital, as being an interim managers in the nursing department as well as being a supreme supervisor in a unit in terms of an organizational structure in the hospital. Similarly, as a compete leader, the first-line nurse managers have not only a professional which is qualified to perform a role of appropriate coordination with medical staff and key personnel but also hold an important key position a being responsible for performing his or her given role. The first-line nurse manager is expected to manage human and fiscal resources in ways not required before. While an identified need for well-prepared first-line nurse manager continues to plague the profession, first-line nurse managers often have difficulty providing the leadership required. The need leadership training to function effectively in their positions. But we hardly find a useful leadership training program for first-line nurse managers, therefore the purpose of this study was to developed the leadership training program for them. The steps of leadership program development were below: 1st step, 2 studies were done before develop a leadership program. One was done to ask to first-line nurse managers what they want to learn through leadership training, the other one was to ask the staff nurses what their opinions are for their first-line nurse managers leadership. 2nd step was searching other leadership programs contents. The results of this study were below: The total amount of hours is 24. Leadership training program contents are : Future of nursing profession (210min), understanding basic factor's of leadership and leadership theories(310 min), self understanding as first- line nurse managers(320 min), basic principle and practice of interpersonal relationship(210 min), assertiveness training, conflict management (180min), and group study(210min). This is challenging time to be a leader, especially in nursing. As nurse managers look toward the new millennium, it seems as through the same struggles are ahead that are behind. So nurse managers need to embrace change with a positive attitude. They need to demonstrate risk taking and support it in their staffs. All these things are possible that after they participate the leadership training program.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 1998

Nowadays many kinds of foreign breed horse and Korean native Cheju horse are raised in Korea. Horse has complicated structure and function to maintain normal health, and to overcome severe condition during gallop at full speed. Sometimes the disease take a bad turn becuase of difficulty of correct diagnosis for horse disease. In recent times, horse farm for fattening and reproduction is gradually increasing. However, thoracic disease and abdominal disease are frequently occuring by defect in raising management. But the diagnosis of these kinds of disease is difficult by former diagnostic method. Ultrasonographic diagnostic method is a method to slove the problem. In abroad, nowadays ultrasonography has been reported for circulatory organs and abdomonal organs in horse, cattle, sheep, and dog, and the importance of ultrasonographic diagnosis is recognized in veterinary clinical medicine. In the country, ultrasonography of Korean native goat, cattle and dog was recently reported, but there was no report for the ultrasonography of horse. So, ultrasonogram for the thyroid glands, jugular vein and carotid artery was evaluated in Cheju horse and Thoroughbred horse. Thyroid gland, jugular vein and carotid artery were determined on both sides of neck. The length of right thyroid lobe at the Thoroughbred horse, Thoroughbred foul, Cheju horse and Cheju foul were 54.8, 45.1, 46.1 and 42.2 mm, respectively. The width of right thyroid lobe at the Thoroughbred horse, Thoroughbred foul, Cheju horse and Cheju foul were 18.1, 14.3, 14.6 and 14.2 mm, respectively. The height of right thyroid lobe at the Thoroughbred horse, Thoroughbred foul, Cheju horse and Cheju foul were 27.3, 25.6, 26.2 and 25.5 mm, respectively. Similar ultrasonographic measurements were obtained for the left thyroid gland. The internal diameter of left jugular vein at the Thoroughbred horse, Thoroughbred foul, Cheju horse and Cheju foul were 10.6, 9.7, 10.5 and 9.2 mm, respectively. Similar ultrasonographic measurements were obtained for the right jugular vein. The internal diameter of right carotid artery at the Thoroughbred horse, Thoroughbred foul, Cheju horse and Cheju foul were 9.5, 8.8, 9.1 and 8.5 mm, respectively. Similar ultrasonographic measurements were obtained for the left carotid artery. It is concluded that the ultrasonographic values of this study provides references for the diagnosis of morphologic changes in the thyroid gland, jugular vein and carotid artery in Korean native Cheju horse and Thoroughbred horse.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1187-1198
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• 2008

Many reservoirs in Korea and their downstream environments are under increased pressure for water utilization and ecosystem management from longer discharge of turbid flood runoff compared to a natural river system. Turbidity($C_T$) is an indirect measurement of water 'cloudiness' and has been widely used as an important indicator of water quality and environmental "health". However, $C_T$ modeling studies have been rare due to lack of experimental data that are necessary for model validation. The objective of this study is to validate a coupled three-dimensional(3D) hydrodynamic and particle dynamics model (ELCOM-CAEDYM) for the simulation of turbid density flows in stratified Daecheong Reservoir using extensive field data. Three different groups of suspended solids (SS) classified by the particle size were used as model state variables, and their site-specific SS-$C_T$ relationships were used for the conversion between field measurements ($C_T$) and state variables (SS). The simulation results were validated by comparing vertical profiles of temperature and turbidity measured at monitoring stations of Haenam(R3) and Dam(R4) in 2004. The model showed good performance in reproducing the reservoir thermal structure and propagation of stream density flow, and the magnitude and distribution of turbidity in the reservoir were consistent with the field data. The 3D model and turbidity modeling framework suggested in this study can be used as a supportive tool for the best management of turbidity flow in other reservoirs that have similar turbidity problems.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.61-72
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• 2019

Design is a knowledge service industry that is undervalued in Korea despite its large impact on the development of high - tech industries such as national industrial policy and the fourth industrial revolution. In the design industry, the strategic outsourcing system collapses. This phenomenon is not confined to the domestic market, and the design service companies of design-developed countries such as Europe and the US are also struggling with the classic. Accordingly, some implications were found through the case study of domestic design projects, including overseas, that private companies are more concerned with design cost reduction and cost structure to secure liquidity rather than improving design quality level and pursuing innovation through design outsourcing. It is big. As design is a core competency of a company, internalizing core design tasks, and as products and services become platforms, regional design countermeasures have been reduced, which has led to a decline in the cost standard for large companies' design service outsourcing. In design service industry, design outsourcing is performed at the request of the client, and the service value of the outsourcing is received. In the early 2000s, the importance of design management led global consulting companies to pursue M & A rather than cooperate with design service companies, and Samsung Electronics and other large corporations acquired a large number of excellent design personnel and developed their own design management research institute. This study investigated the design service outsourcing cases of public and private companies (large corporations, midsize companies) widely in relation to the design service price criterion, and grasped the indicators of the actual size and level of the design industry. I will make suggestions about the value and direction of the global design industry through interviews with experts and literature on the changes and influences of these cost criteria.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.266-272
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• 1995

The analysis of membrane receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters has progressed considerably by pharmacological and biochemical means and more recently through the use of specific antibodies. To generate and characterize a moloclonal antibody against $\beta$-adrenergic receptor, a synthetic $\beta$2-adrenergic receptor peptide (Phe-Gly-Asn-Phe-Trp-Cys-Phe-Trp-Thr-Ser-lle-Asp-Val-Leu) which may comprise part of $\beta$-adrenergic receptor ligand binding pocket was coupled to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) and used as an immunogen. Male BALB/C mice were immunized with this antigen and the immunized spleen was fused with myeloma SP2/0-Ag14 cells to produce monoclonal antibodies. Two clones were obtained but one of monoclonal antibodies, mAb5G09, was used throughout in this study because the other clone, mAb5All showed weak immunoreactivity against KLH as well. The mouse monoclonal antibody mAb5G09 produced in this study showed immunoreactivity to peptide-KLH conjugates and also to human A43l cells and guinea pig lung $\beta$2-adrenergic receptor as revealed by ELISA and western blot. In the course of determination of the effects of mAb5G09 on $\beta$-receptor ligand binding, it was observed that mAb5G09 specifically bound $\beta$-adrenergic radioligand [$^3$H]dihydroalprenolol (DHA) with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 60 nM. The [$^3$H]DHA binding activity of mAb5G09 had characteristics of immunoglobulins and the binding activity was not observed in the control anti-KLH monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody, mAb5G09 produced in this study may provide useful models for the study of the structure of receptor binding sites.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Construction Safety
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2019

The average number of deaths in the construction industry reaches 500 per year, and in particular, it is confirmed that the type of accidents and deaths caused by disasters such as work platforms has occupied more than 60% of the total. In this study, we presented a structured and combined solution for technology, management, education, and cost that can solve systematically, politically, and external environmental factors as well as direct influence factors. In addition, we examined the safety and safety standards of domestic and international safety, and discussed implications. First, direct impact factors, organizational impact factors, policy influence factors, and external environmental impact factors were examined and classified into technical, education, and institutional dimensions. Second, in relation to the installation of the work scaffold, the standards (OSHA 1926.452), UK (The Work at Height Regulations 2005 No.735, BS5975), Japan (Labor Safety and Sanitation Regulations) and Germany (DIN 4420_4, DIN EN12810). In the case of domestic safety standards, similar to the foreign safety standards, safety measures such as materials and specifications are applied. However, details related to the installation, assembly and structure of the work platform are somewhat different from those in the United States and the United Kingdom excluding Japan. Using the results of this study, it is possible to understand the cause of the accident of foot pedestrian accident more systematically and comprehensively, and safety managers and researchers are expected to help in the accident investigation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.22-31
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• 2021

Purpose : This study aimed to conduct a translation, backtranslation, and content validity test of the Sensory Processing Measure (SPM) for Korean children. Methods : The translation and content validation process involved direct and backward translation; a test of equivalence between the two versions (the original SPM and the Korean version SPM; K-SPM) was performed using content-related evidence collected by a group of experts and a group of parents. Data analysis was carried out using Excel Content validity indices (CVI), mean, and standard deviation were used for the analysis of content validity. Results : The result of the comparison between the original SPM and K-SPM in the group of experts was 3.54 ± .74, the S-CVI/Avg for semanticity was .92, and the S-CVI/Avg for structure was .86. The results for the mean of the understanding test and the S-CVI/Avg were 3.48 ± .63 and .94, respectively. Conclusion : K-SPM will considerately be used as an assessment to identify sensory processing, praxis, and social participation issues for children in Korea. Further studies are suggested to increase the age range and the sample size for a more comprehensive applicability of the K-SPM to Korean children.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.141-155
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• 2023

Monitoring technology based on electrical resistivity is widely used for non-destructive data collection and health analysis of underground structures and tunnels. Vulnerable sections such as fault zone generates many problems during construction of the tunnel. These problems cause displacement and stress changes of the ground. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the state of the fault zone section to ensure the mechanical stability of the underground structure. Monitoring the size of joints and the porosity of the fillings is essential for rocks. Previous studies have not considered the variety of fillings in rock joints. In this study, electrical resistivity tests were conducted according to the particle mixing state of the sandy fillings. When the size of fillings is decreased at the constant porosity, the electrical resistivity tends to increase. The results of this study are expected to be useful as basic electrical resistivity data for predicting the ground conditions and evaluation of the ground behavior that is containing sandy fillings in the rock joint for tunnels.