• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 2007

This study investigates differences by type of caregiving using data on three groups of caregivers, 177 from home stay situations, 189 from day care centers, and 138 from nursing homes. First, the result shows that characteristics of both caregivers and elders differ by type of caregiving. Second, caregivers in the home stay situation have the highest caregiving burden of the three groups. Third, from examination of the related variables, the caregiving burden of home stay caregivers is affected by family income, caregivers' health, type of job, and whether or not the elder has symptoms of dementia. Also, the study reveals that emotional services for elders reduce the aggravation of family relations and economic burden, but that instrumental services highly increase economic burden. It reveals that caregivers of elders in day care centers, especially those who are in bad health, are more likely to experience feelings of constriction, aggravation of family relations and economic burden. On the other hand, caregivers who receive more emotional services have better experiences in family relations, including relations with the elder. In case of the elders of nursing homes, if the main caregiver is a daughter-in-law, aggravation of family relations is higher than if the main caregiver is a spouse. Finally, the caregiver's burden is affected by their own health and income, and by whether the elder has symptoms of dementia or stroke.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.441-453
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to contribute to the development of basic data for establishing and expanding the dental health centers in the future by examining the awareness of the dental health center establishment and the level of dental health knowledge in the school. Methods: A survey was conducted from April 2017 with 336 students over 10 years old in South Korea to investigate the awareness of the dental health center establishment in the school and their dental health knowledge level. The results were summarized as follows. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed using the SPSS WIN 21.0 statistical program. Results: It was necessary to establish the dental health centers in the school with their establishment rate of 82.8%, and the reason for the establishment of the dental health center was the possibility of regular checkup with the highest at 43.6%. In the school, 62.8% answered no experience of dental health education with the highest rate. Dental health education in the school was answered to be necessary with 91.0% the most prevalent one. Factors affecting the recognition of the expected effect of establishing the dental health center in the school, it is expected that if the establishment of the oral health center is needed and the oral health education is needed in the school, And the perception of the effect is increased. Conclusions: 91% of the respondents considered that dental health education was necessary and 83% answered they needed dental hygiene. However, only 37.2% of the students experienced dental health education in the school. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the dental health center establishment, and to develop the foundation of life dental health care through regular dental examination and proper brushing education.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.221-232
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• 2013

This study aims to analyze the effect of hypertense, diabetic patients, managerial characteristics on their depression and suicidal thinking. Thus, this study selected 6,217 adults over the age of 19 from the 5th first-year data of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by KCDC(Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) in 2010. As factors having effect on their suicidal thinking, unmarried patients(p=.000), middle school(p=.045), high school(p=.015), college and higher(p=.018), medicare(p=.045), hypertense(p=.042), exercise walking irregularly(p=.021), sense of depression(p=.035) showed a higher rate of suicidal thinking which were found to be statistically significant variables. Hypertense show a higher rate of suicidal thinking than normal people. Accordingly, it is necessary not only to pay attention to establishing plans to provide Hypertense and Diabetic patients with medical treatments, but to have more concern about their mental health so that they may be provided with a political support future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.540-551
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• 2013

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is becoming an epidemic and thereby a global health problem. Further, VDD adversely affects calcium metabolism and skeletal health, and is associated with increased risk of several diseases, e.g., autoimmune diseases, several types of cancers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, asthma, psoriatic arthritis, and etc. To evaluate the prevalence of VDD in Korea, and then to evaluate the association of several factors with serum 25(OH)D level, the author analyzed the data of 14,456 individuals who were 10 years of age and over from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1 & 2 (KNHANES V-1 & 2) conducted by the Korean Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. As a result, among Koreans (age $${\geq_-}$$ 10years), 65.9% of males and 77.7% of females were below optimum blood serum 25(OH)D (20 ng/mL). VDD is more severe in female than in male at all age groups. In addition, the younger generations had less 25(OH)D level than older generations in Korea. The analysis by complex sample general linear model (CSGLM) suggested that blood 25(OH)D concentration was related with gender (p < .001), residence (p = .030), occupation (p < .001), anemia (p < .001) and physical activity (p < .001). In conclusion, VDD is pandemic and it is more severe in younger generations in Korea. Further, from the results by CSGLM, serum 25(OH)D status is closely related with the life style of Koreans.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.129-147
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• 1999

The National Health Promotion Act passed in 1995 was a milestone for initiating a national and local health promotion program in Korea. And since then local governments and health centers have been developing and providing health promotion programs for the community population. To apply the effectiveness of community health promotion program, it is important to understand the key issue related to health education and the role of health education personnel. The purpose of this study was to define the responsibility and competency of health education specialist, and to develop the activity areas of health promotion program in Korea. Those who provide the service for health promotion and health education should be properly qualified and professionally trained. However, the skills and responsibilities of those who are in charge of providing health education program have not yet been clearly defined in Korea because the areas of health promotion and health education are composed of multi-academic fields. In case of United States, health education specialist is being developed through professional preparation in colleges and graduate schools, and certified through the examination. Also health education specialist is in charge of the planing, implementing and evaluation of health education program in school, hospital, health center, workplace and health food company. Therefore it is important to develop the programs to train and certify health education specialist. Also to extend the activity areas, the government should support continuously program development for health promotion and health education personnel.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.235-249
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• 1999

The National Health Promotion Act passed in 1995 was a milestone for initiating a national and local health promotion program in Korea. And since then local governments and health centers have been developing and providing health promotion programs for the community population. To apply the effectiveness of community health promotion program, it is important to understand the key issue related to health education and the role of health education personnel. The purpose of this study was to define the responsibility and competency of health education specialist, and to develop the activity areas of health promotion program in Korea. Those who provide the service for health promotion and health education should be properly qualified and professionally trained. However, the skills and responsibilities of those who are in charge of providing health education program have not yet been clearly defined in Korea because the areas of health promotion and health education are composed of multi-academic fields. In case of United States, health education specialist is being developed through professional preparation in colleges and graduate schools, and certified through the examination. Also health education specialist is in charge of the planing, implementing and evaluation of health education program in school, hospital, health center, workplace and health food company. Therefore it is important to develop the programs to train and certify health education specialist. Also to extend the activity areas, the government should support continuously program development for health promotion and health education personnel.

• Survey Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.67-89
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• 2007

The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES) consists of Health Interview Survey, Health Behaviour Survey, Nutrition Survey, and Health Examination, and is designed to produce a broad range of descriptive health and nutritional statistics for sex and age subdomains of the population. These data can be used to measure and monitor the health and nutritional status of the population of Korea. The survey has been conducted three times from 1998. The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(KCDC) is preparing for the 4th survey which is to be conducted from 2007 through 2009. This study is to design a sample for the 4th survey. The main new feature of the sampling design is using a rolling sampling design method. Since KCDC has imposed some operational requirements, e,g., the needs of producing the annual national statistics and of year-round data collection by some regular staffs, a rolling sampling design method is introduced. This is the first time in history of applying a rolling sampling design for a national-wide large scale survey in Korea. Bringing in the rolling sampling, measurement variation due to different data collectors may be minimized.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.88-102
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• 1989

This survey was conducted in order to find out the degree of health service activities of Public Health Nurses & variables relevant to their activities. The subjects of this survey were 232 PHN in Health Centers, Inchon & Kyung Gi area. Data were collected by mean of questionairs from 30th, September to 30th, October, 1986. For the analysis, ANOVA was used. The results were as follows; 1. General characteristics of PHN: o An approximately four fifth of the subjects (82.3%) was between 20-39 years. o The average career length of the subjects as PHN was 4 years. o Their educational level was almost Nursing School (22.4%) Junior College of Nursing (53.4%). o The marital status of the subjects was already married (75.4%). 3. The degree of health service activities of PHN; o The total mean of health service activities was 2.147 (S.D: 1.477, range 11-5). o Among the 11 Health Service Categories; Health service planning (2.828) is the highest mean scored category. The lowest mean scored category was the other health services. o Among the specific activity items about the 11 health service categories, the highest scored activities were 'personal counselling & education' in well-baby care (2.504), family planning (2.530), Tb control (2.134), disease control (2.371), 'health history taking & health examination', in prenatal care, 'clinic care', in administrative service, 'record & report', in the other categories. o Almost categories (10), 'Home visiting' was the lowest scored activity. 3. The relevance for the health service activities by several variables were as follows; o The relevance for the health service activities by general characteristics of PHN was not shown significance at age, educational level, marital status, relegion status. o And at work place, & work department was shown high significance.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 1987

The purpose of this survey was to measure the health Service activity of the public Health Nurses and analyze the related factors influencing to their activities. The subjects of this study were 75PHN in Health Centers, Chung Buk area and survey was conducted from 15th, October to 30th, November, 1986. The results of this study were as follows; 1. General characteristics of PHN : $\cdot\;45.3\%$ of total respondents was in 30-39 age group and their average age was 34.9. $\cdot\;85.3\%$ of them were married women. $\cdot$ Their educational level was almost Nursing High School and Nursing College $(98.7)\%$. 2. Total performance average of health service activities was 2.031. Among the 11 health service categories, health service planning (2.859) and administrative service (2.489) were the most active service area. And among the specific activity items about the health service categories, the highest performed activities were. 'record & report' in health service planning (3.333 : mean), 'case finding & enrolling' in prenatal care (2.627), 'examination of health condition; in postnatal care (2.497), 'personal counselling & education' in family planning (2.560) and 'vaccination & personal education' in well-baby care (2.480). 3. There were significant difference between the performed degree of activities in department of Health Center(P<0.01). The highest health service planning activity was performed by the nurses in TB clinic and maternal care activities were carried out by MCH Center nurses. 4. PHNs in MCH Center were more active than the nurses in Health Center, which services were especially maternal and well-baby care. Their total activity score was 2.302 while 1.860 was of the nurses in Health Center. There were significant difference between their activities (P<0.01).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.518-526
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• 2011

To determine blood heavy metal concentrations by seafood consumption in Korean adults, blood cadmium, mercury, and lead concentrations in a representative sample of 1,709 Koreans participated in the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES IV-2) in 2008 were analyzed by age and seafood consumption frequency. The mean blood cadmium, mercury, and lead concentrations were $1.14{\pm}0.73{\mu}g/L$, $5.50{\pm}3.83{\mu}g/L$, and $2.56{\pm}1.22{\mu}g/dL$, respectively. The subjects aged ${\geq}$ 50 years had significantly higher blood cadmium concentrations than the subjects aged 20~39 years. Blood mercury concentrations of the 50's were significantly higher than those of the 20's and 30's (p < 0.05). Approximately, 43% of males and 22% of females had blood mercury concentrations > $5.8{\mu}g/L$ which is a blood mercury level equivalent to the current Reference Dose. Only 2 subjects had lead concentrations > $10{\mu}g/dL$, the standard lead level by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. The subjects consuming pollack, mackerel, anchovy, corvina, shellfish, and salted seafood at least once a week had significantly higher mercury concentrations than the subjects consuming those seafoods less than once a month. However, there were no clear relationships between blood cadmium and lead concentrations and seafood consumption frequencies.