• 대한한의진단학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.96-115
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• 2007

Background and Purpose: Electroencephalogram(EEG) is a multi-scaled signal consisting of several components of time series with different origins. Recently, because of the absence of an identified metric which quantifies the complex amount of information, there are many limitations in using such a linear method. According to chaos theory, irregular signals of EEG can also result from low dimensional deterministic chaos. Chaotic nonlinear dynamics in the EEG can be studied by calculating the correlation dimension. The aim of this study is to analyze correlation between the correlation dimension of EEG and psychological Test (TCI). Methods: Before and after moxibustion treatment, EEG raw data were measured by moving windows during 15 minutes. The correlation dimension(D2) was calculated from stabilized 40 seconds in 15 minutes data. 8 channels EEG study on the Fp, F, T, P was carried out in 30 subjects. Results: Correlation analysis of TCI test is calculated with deterministic non-linear data and stochastic non-linear data. 1. Novelty seeking in temperament is positive correlated with D2 of EEG on Fp. 2. reward dependence in temperament is positive correlated with D2 of EEG on T3,T4 and negative correlated with D2 of EEG on P3,P4. 3. self directedness in character is positive correlated with D2 of EEG on F4, P3. 4. Harm avoidance is negative correlated with D2 of EEG on Fp2, T3, P3. Conclusion: These results suggest that nonlinear analysis of EEG can quantify dynamic state of brain abolut psychological Test (TCI).

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2013

Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify the importance of goodness of fit in mother-child temperamental interaction (MCTI) and the child problem behaviors. Methods The behavior problem of 180 child outpatients from traditional Korean medical clinic was measured with Korean version of Child Behavior Checklists, and the temperament of child and their mother was measured with Junior Temperament and Character Inventory and Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised-Short. The MCTI was calculated as the difference of the temperament score between mother and child. The correlation and linear regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of temperament on Child Behavior Checklists. Results The MCTI on Harm-Avoidance was the significant factor for explaining the internalizing problem (B=-.154, t=-10.130, p<.001), externalizing problem (B=-.045, t=-3.340, p=.001) and total problem (B=-.298, t=-7.574, p<.001). We also confirmed that the temperament of mother and child significantly correlated with the child behavior problems as provided previously. Conclusions These results showed that the temperament interaction between mother and child is an important factor for predicting problem behaviors in child clinical sample. The goodness of fit in MCTI and problem behavior should be considered as pivotal element in traditional Korean pediatrics.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the emotional characteristics of the Sasang constitution with the Core Seven Emotions Inventory (CSEI) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Methods: A total of 224 participants were assessed with a Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool (SCAT) for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis, and completed the Core Seven Emotions Inventory (CSEI) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Results: 1. From the results of the CSEI, Soeumin showed a significantly higher fear (恐) score than the Soyangin. 2. From the results of the TCI, Soeumin showed a significantly higher harm avoidance (HA) score than Taeeumin and Soyangin. Moreover, the Soyangin showed a significantly higher reward dependence (RD) score than Taeeumin and Soeumin. 3. In the correlation tests of the CSEI sub-scales, there was negative correlation between joy (喜) and other emotions, which are thoughts (思), depression (憂), sorrow (悲) and fear (恐). There were positive correlations between the emotions except joy (喜). 4. In the correlation tests of the TCI sub-scales, there was negative correlation between HA and persistence (P), and HA and SD. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between RD and cooperativeness (C) and between P and self-directedness (SD). 5. In the correlation tests of the TCI and CSEI, joy (喜) showed a negative correlation with HA and a positive correlation with P and with SD. Anger (怒) showed a negative correlation with C and other emotions except joy (喜) showed a negative correlation with RD. Conclusions: The differences of psychological characteristics in Sasang Constitution were shown with CSEI and TCI from this study.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.34-47
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• 2019

Introduction Cloninger's Novelty-Seeking (NS) and Harm-Avoidance (HA) were found to be the biopsychological characteristic of Sasang typology, and the So-Yang type has high NS and low HA however the So-Eum type as contrary. The purpose of this study was to show the clinical usefulness of these measures as objective clinical index of Sasang typology in foreign countries lacking validated measures. Methods The Sasang type of 103 university students was diagnosed using Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Classification (QSCC) II and clinical specialist, and biopsychological and physical features with NS, HA, Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and BMI. These measures were normalized to make a noble index of 'NS(100-HA)', and the correlation among these were examined with Pearson's correlation. The differences of biopsychological and physical features between Sasang type groups were attested with ANCOVA, and the comparison of clinical usefulness of SPQ and NS(100-HA) were examined with discriminant analysis. Results SPQ and BMI were clinically useful for Sasang typology as shown in previous studies, and the substitution of SPQ with normalized NS(100-HA) was found acceptable. The NS(100-HA) is significantly correlated with SPQ (r=0.466, p<0.01), however not with BMI (r=0.079, ns). The SPQ and NS(100-HA) scores were found to be distinctive between Sasang type groups, and these were found to predict Sasang type of participants with similar correctness. Discussion and Conclusion The current study reviewed the theoretical backgrounds and confirmed the clinical usefulness of Cloninger's biopsychological theory in Sasang typology. These might provide foundations for integrative medicine and cross-cultural biopsychology of the East and West.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2020

연구목적 본 연구는 외상후 스트레스장애(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD)를 비롯한 정신질환자의 기질과 성격의 변화 양상을 확인하고 한다 방 법 PTSD 환자 33명과 비PTSD 환자 69명을 대상으로 Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI)를 1, 2차에 걸쳐 측정하였고, 그 결과값에 대해 반복측정 ANOVA와 단순 주효과분석을 시행하였다. 결 과 비PTSD 집단에서는 1차와 2차 검사 결과의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 반면, PTSD 집단에서는 위험회피, 사회적 민감성, 자율성, 연대감에서 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 또한 위험회피, 사회적 민감성, 자율성, 연대감에서 시간과 그룹 간의 상호작용과 시간에 따른 주효과가 유의하게 나타났다. 결 론 본 연구는 외상적 사건이 자율성, 연대감과 같은 성격적 특성은 물론, 위험회피와 사회적 민감성과 같은 기질적 특성의 변화에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 확인하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 한국심리학회지:여성
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2011

유아의 연령 및 기질, 그리고 부모양육행동이 유아의 심리사회적 문제에 미치는 영향에 있어서의 성차를 파악하기 위하여, 만 3-5세 유아 339명을 대상으로 이들의 내재화 및 외현화 문제행동, 유아의 기질, 부모 양육행동을 부모 보고에 의해 측정하였다. 변량분석과 위계적 회귀 분석을 실시한 결과 첫째, 유아의 외현화 문제행동 수준에서 연령과 성별의 주효과가, 내재화 문제행동 수준에서 연령과 성별의 상호작용 효과가 유의미하게 나타났다. 둘째, 성별에 따라 내재화 및 외현화 문제행동을 예측하는 변인에서도 차이가 나타났다. 즉, 남아에게서는 자극추구 기질, 위험회피 기질, 적대적 부모 양육행동이 두 문제행동의 유의미한 예측 변인으로 나타났다. 여아에게서는 자극추구 기질, 위험회피 기질, 온정적 부모 양육이 두 문제행동의 유의미한 예측변인으로 나타났다. 아울러, 문제행동에 있어서 여아들은 부모의 양육행동의 영향을, 남아들은 기질의 영향을 더 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 유아기 문제행동에 대한 예방적 개입의 방향에 대해 시사한다. 본 연구결과의 의의와 제한점이 논의되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

Objectives : The objective of this study is to find out the differences in psychopathology, temperament, and character factors between young adults with and without childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Methods : The subjects consisted of 314 university students (male=72, female=242) in Gongju. They were divided into childhood ADHD group (N=54) and normal group (N=260) to the Wender-Utah Rating Scale. Participants were assessed using Korean Adult ADHD Scale, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Kimberly Young's Internet Addiction Test, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Paranoia Scale, Korean-Schizotypal Ambivalence Scale, Lubben Social Network Scale, and Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square, spearman correlation, and stepwise multiple regression were applied to analyze the data. Results : Participants with childhood ADHD symptoms had high level of adult ADHD symptoms (p<.001), impulsiveness (p=.001), depression (p<.001), anxiety (p<.001), internet addiction (p<.001), paranoia tendency (p<.001) and low level of selfesteem (p<.001) compared to normal group. Self-directedness (p<.001) was lower, Harm avoidance (p=.001) and Self-transcendence (p=.029) were higher in the childhood ADHD group. In correlation and stepwise multiple regression, childhood ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with cooperativeness (r=-0.515 and ${\beta}$=-0.547, p<.001 respectively). Conclusion : This result showed that young adults with childhood ADHD symptoms had various forms of psychopathology and childhood ADHD symptoms were influenced by character such as cooperativeness. Therefore, more thorough evaluation regarding childhood ADHD symptoms is needed.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2006

연구목적 : 본 연구는 월경전 불쾌기분장애와 기질 특성과의 관련성을 알아봄으로써 월경전 불쾌기분장애의 병태생리 및 관련된 성격 경향을 이해하며 치료 응용의 가능성을 제시해 보고자 하였다. 방법 : DSM-IV 진단기준에 의해 월경전 불쾌기분장애로 진단된 28명을 대상으로 한국어판 TPQ, 축약형 월경전기평가서 등을 작성케 한 후, 이들 사이의 상관관계를 구하였다. 결과 : 기질의 4가지 차원에 해당하는 점수를 독립 변인으로 하고, 축약형 월경전기평가서 점수를 종속 변인으로 하여 표준 중다회귀분석을 시행하였을 때 월경전 불쾌기분장애 증상은 Cloninger가 제시한 성격의 기질을 구성하는 4가지 요인 중 손해 회피(HA) 요인과 보상 의존(RD) 요인에 대하여 유의하였으며, 특히 손해 회피(HA) 요인에 의해 가장 많이 설명될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 월경전 불쾌기분장애의 증상은 높은 손해 회피(HA) 요인과 낮은 보상 의존(RD) 요인에 의해 잘 설명되었다. 월경전기증상 중 특히 정동 증상이 손해 회피(HA) 요인과 상관관계를 갖고 있는데, 이는 월경전 불쾌기분장애가 기질의 특성에 영향을 받음을 의미한다. 이는 향후 월경전 불쾌기분장애의 병태생리의 이해에 도움이 될 것으로 생각한다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.351-360
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• 2011

1. Objective: This study was designed to analyze the characteristics of each Sasang constitutional type using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). 2. Methods: A total of 135 healthy subjects (age 19-30) participated in this study, consisting of 35 Soyang-type, 66 Taeeum-type, 30 Soeum-type, and 4 Taeyang-type subjects. A Sasang Constitutional Medicine specialist determined each subject's Sasang constitutional type based on the Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD) and comprehensive constitutional assessment. The subjects were also asked to complete the TCI. 3. Results: Among the four temperament dimensions, the Soyang- and Taeeum-type subjects showed significantly higher scores than the Soeum-type subjects in Novelty Seeking (NS). The Soeum-type subjects showed significantly higher scores than the Taeum- and Soyang-type subjects in Harm Avoidance (HA) (Soeum type > Taeeum type > Soyang type). The Soyang-type subjects showed significantly higher scores than the Soeum-type subjects in Reward Dependence (RD). The Soyang- and Taeeum-type subjects showed significantly higher scores than the Soeum-type subjects in Persistence (P). Among the three character dimensions, the Soyang-type subjects showed significantly higher score than the Taeeumand Soeum-type subjects in Self-Directedness (SD) (Soyang type > Taeeum type > Soeum type). The Soyang-type showed significantly higher scores than the Taeeum-type in Cooperativeness (C). 4. Conclusions: Differences in temperament and character were discovered across the Sasang constitutional types. The Sasang constitutional characteristics should be investigated in larger studies in the future. Similar studies could add to the growing knowledge of Sasang constitutional typology and contribute to a more accurate Sasang constitutional diagnosis.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2018

Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, temperaments, and quality of life between panic disorder (PD) patients with and without major depressive disorder (PD+MDD and PD-MDD patients, respectively). Methods We compared 411 PD-MDD and 219 PD+MDD patients. All patients who were drug-free for at least 1 month were assessed at initial outpatient visits before the administration of medication. The following instruments were used for assessment: the NEO Personality Inventory-Neuroticism (NEO-N) ; the Temperament and Character Inventory-Harm Avoidance (TCI-HA) ; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) ; the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Short (IUS); the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised (ASI-R); the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) ; the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI); the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) ; the Generalized Anxiety Disorder for 7 item (GAD-7) ; the Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire (APPQ) ; the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) ; the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form (ETISR-SF) ; the Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI) ; the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF) ; the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) ; and the Short Form health survey (SF-36). Results Compared to the PD-MDD patients, the PD+MDD patients were younger and more likely to be unmarried. They showed higher rates of unemployment, lower levels of education and income, younger age of onset, more previous suicide attempts, a greater incidence of agoraphobia, and more previous treatments. The PD+MDD patients showed significantly higher scores on the NEO-N, the TCI-HA, the STAI, the IUS, the ASI-R, the BDI, the BAI, the PSWQ, the GAD-7, the APPQ, the PDSS, the ETISR-SF, and the SSI. In addition, the PD+MDD patients showed significantly lower quality of life than did the PD-MDD patients. In contrast with previous studies, we observed no significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender, duration until treatment, and psychiatric comorbidities. Conclusions This study showed that the PD+MDD patients have more early trauma experiences, higher levels of anxiety-related temperaments, more severe panic and depressive symptoms, and lower quality of life than the PD-MDD patients.