• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

Paper consists of fiber network and paper properties were highly affected by fiber characteristics. Many researchers have tried to relate fiber and paper properties. Softwood and hardwood fiber's are quite different in their properties. Generally, softwood fiber's are longer and more flexible than hardwood fibers. At present, many paper mills make mixed paper with softwood and hardwood fibers except for special grade. During fracture some fiber's are broken and others are pulled out. In this paper, the number of broken and pulled out fiber's during fracture is analyzed depending on the mixing ratio of softwood and hardwood fiber's. Fiber length, curl, kink, coarseness, WRV and formation index were measured. Double-edged strength samples were prepared to observe the number of broken and pulled out fiber's. Mixed paper strength was decreased with increasing hardwood fibers ratio. During fracture, softwood fiber's were more likely broken and hardwood fibers were more likely pulled out. The strength of paper which consists of softwood fibers was determined by fiber's broken strength and that of hardwood fibers by fiber's debonding strength. Paper strength was changed depending on the fiber's bonding capability. If the fiber is longer and more flexible, the fiber network becomes stronger and stiffer.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.77-82
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• 1999

The delignification, and optical and strength properties were determined to compare the ozone treatment effect in hardwood and softwood CTMPs. During ozone treatment, the delignificantion was much higher in hardwood pulp than in softwood pulp . The optical and strength properties which were very dependent upon the lignin content in pulp were significantly improved in the case of hardwood pulp . The ozone treatment of high yield pulp was more effective in hardwood pulp than that of softwood pulp.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.25-31
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze how the fiber properties and mixing ratio of softwood and hardwood pulp affect on roundness of printed image. Softwood pulp and hardwood pulp were refined to 400 and 600ml CSF by Valley beater and handsheets of 70 g/$m^2$ basis weight were made at different mixing ratios of hardwood and softwood pulp. The roundness, dot area, and shape of the printed dot were measured by Image Analyzer. The depths and shapes of the acridine orange penetration into paper were measured by CLSM. With higher mixing ratio of hardwood pulp, the paper showed higher air-permeability and better formation, especially at lower freeness. The roundness of the printed image became better and the dot size became smaller when the amount of hardwood pulp increased. Penetration depth of acridine orange by CLSM became greater and roundness increased to real circle when the amount of hardwood pulp increased. It was thought that higher mixing ratio of hardwood fibers resulted in efficient penetration by better formation with uniform micro-pore distribution and it increased roundness. It was thought that fiber properties and mixing ratio affected the structure of paper and the shape of the printed dot. This study showed that the measurement of depth of the liquid penetration into paper without destruction and contact was feasible. Moreover, this method showed that the shape of the liquid penetration was measurable.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.208-213
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• 2007

This study is designed to provide forest managers and landowners with tools to estimate the effect of forest management on carbon storage, investigating living tree biomass, detritus, and harvested wood products as variables. Thinning, selection cutting, and uncutting were applied to the three different forest types in New York, USA. Carbon storage of the original stands was 90, 56, and $101Mg\;ha^{-1}$ at the Allegheny hardwood forest, Northern hardwood forest, and Oak - black cherry forest, respectively. Among treatments, uncutting generally stored the greatest amount carbon. However, the rate of carbon storage was the smallest at the uncut treatment in all the sites. The 50% thinning, 50% selection, and 50% thinning treatments were the highest rate of carbon storage at the Allegheny hardwood forest, Northern hardwood forest, and Oak - cherry forest, respectively. In this study, only short term was applied to simulate carbon sequestration after silvicultural treatment. So, more research is needed to determine whether any silvicultural treatment can store significantly more carbon than no treatment over the long term.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.196-196
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• 1982

There is a heavy stocked wood volume in the forest of Kang-Won Province compared with the other forests of Korean Provinces. It mainly, however, consists of non-productive and inferior hardwoods and shrubs which grows naturally. -This naturally grown hardwood forest should be cut and reforested with more economical confierous and diciduous tree species by artificial and natural regeneration under the positive government support. This study was carried out to survey the reasonable and economical utilization measures on harvesting wood products when existing hardwood forest should be cut primarily. This is the rust report on the resources and the classification of tree species by the uses of wood growing in the hardwood forest of Kang-Won Province. According to the investigation, 321 hardwood species are growing in this forest, and 141 species of them are extremely not suitable for wood production. The usable species as fuel wood was 180, and these are able to classify into the 22 groups by the uses of wood.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

Beating or refining is an energy intensive process in paper industry. In India, most of the paper industries blend long fibered softwood pulps with short fibered hardwood or agro based pulps to get the paper properties of competitive level. Refining characteristics of the blend of pulps is very crucial with respect to freeness and strength properties. This study has been carried out to understand the refining behavior of three hardwood pulps and a softwood pulp. The hardwood and softwood pulps are blended in different proportions in two different ways; a) blending after their separate refining, and b) blending before refining followed by mixed refining of the blended pulps. Freeness of pulp, strength, optical and surface properties of paper along with formation have been determined and compared for both the refining methods. The fiber classification of refined pulps was also carried out to analyze the effect of refining method on fiber morphology. The mixed refining of hardwood and softwood pulps marginally affects the fiber morphology in comparison to separate refining of pulps. The strength and other properties of paper prepared from mixed refining of pulps are either better or comparable than those of separately refined pulps.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.73-79
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• 2007

We investigated the effects of dietary supplements such as probiotics, illite, active carbon and hardwood vinegar on growth performance and meat quality characteristics in finishing pigs. One hundred fifty pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$; $32.3{\pm}1.3 kg$ average initial body weight) were used for a 100 day experiment. Pigs were randomly placed into one of five experimented diet groups (control, 0.2% probiotics, 1.0% illite, 1.0% active carbon, and 1.0% hardwood vinegar) and were slaughtered at approximately 110 kg live weight. The addition of 1.0% active carbon and hardwood vinegar caused a decrease in free water while, WHC (water holding capacity) was higher compared with controls. Drip loss in hog flesh was decreased by feeding probiotics, illite, active carbon and hardwood vinegar. Cooking loss was decreased when hogs were fed hardwood vinegar. Lightness ($L^*$) and redness ($a^*$) were no difference between the all treatment groups, yellowness ($b^*$) was higher when feeding active carbon and hardwood vinegar by 1.0%. When hogs were fed hardwood vinegar, drip loss was decreased, and meat color was higher in sensory evaluation of fresh meat. In cooked hog meat, meat color and juiciness were higher in hogs fed hardwood vinegar. These results showed that supplementing hog diets with 1.0% hardwood vinegar may noticeably improve the meat quality of finishing hogs.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.213-217
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of hardwood competitions in stand structure and dynamics by applying prediction models for unthinned loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. A parameter recovery procedure for the Weibull distribution function based on four percentile equations was applied to develop diameter distribution prediction models. Four percentiles of the cumulative diameter distribution prediction equations were predicted as a function of quadratic mean diameter plus competin hardwood trees perhectare varibales. According to the results of this study. it was found that as the amount of competing hardwood trees increased, diameter distributions in terms of stand structure dynamics tended to be more skewed to the right. Therefore, the influence of non-planted hardwood trees interspecific competitoin on planted loblolly pines showed negative effects on the stand structure and dynamics.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.35-43
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• 2012

Internal bonding strength of printing paper was increased with sea-algae pulp treatment. Spacially, 9% contents sea-algae pulp treatment in the hardwood pulp are more effective than in the softwood pulp. Most effective mixture ratio of the raw matrials for improvement of the internal bonding strength are softwood pulp 30%, hardwood pulp 70%, sea-algae pulp 9%. Internal bonding strength is effective in more sea-algae pulp contents and softwood pulp contents and wetness.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.65-71
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of xylanase pretreatment of the unbleached hardwood kraft pulp during the conventional Chlorine-Extraction- Hypochlorite (CEH) bleaching on pulp property. Optimum bleaching condition was evaluated by using Novozym produced from the fungus Humicola insolens. Also the effect of chelating agent prior to enzyme treatment was analyzed. The kappa number of enzymatic bleached pulp at the enzyme charge 10 IU/ml was slightly similar to that of bleached pulp without enzyme. By enzyme treatment, the chlorine charge in conventional CEH bleaching process of hardwood KP could be reduced by 17%, while no adverse effect on pulp yield and strength was. The optimum condition for enzyme pretreatment was 10 IU/ml xylanase charge, 3 to 4 hrs treatment, and 2% pulp consistency. In sugar composition in the enzyme pretreated pulp, arabinose and mannose were not much different, but more xylose was retained. This high content of hemicellulose in pulp seems to play an important role in pulp properties. The pulp pretreatment by chelating agent prior to enzyme treatment could improve the enzyme activity and enhance the bleaching effect at 0.2% diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) charges.