• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.52-62
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• 1995

In the laser surface hardening process the geometrical parameters, especially the depth, of the hardened layer are utilized to assess the integrity of the hardening layer quality. Monitoring of this geometrical parameter ofr on-line process control as well as for on-line quality evaluation, however, is an extremely difficult problem because the hardening layer is formed beneath a material surface. Moreover, the uncertainties in monitoring the depth can be raised by the inevitable use of a surface coating to enhance the processing efficiency and the insufficient knowledge on the effects of coating materials and its thicknesses. The paper describes the extimation results using neural network to estimate the hardening layer depth from measured surface temperanture and process variables (laser beam power and feeding velocity) under various situations. To evaluate the effec- tiveness of the measured temperature in estimating the harding layer depth, estimation was performed with or without temperature informations. Also to investigate the effects of coating thickness variations in the real industry situations, in which the coating thickness cannot be controlled uniform with good precision, estimation was done over only uniformly coated specimen or various thickness-coated specimens. A series of hardening experiments were performed to find the relationships between the hardening layer depth, temperature and process variables. The estimation results show the temperature informations greatly improve the estimation accuracy over various thickness-coated specimens.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.212-217
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• 1993

In this paper, the hardening depth in Laser surface hardening process is estimated using a multilayered neural network. Input data of the neural network are surface temperature of five points, power and travelling speed of Laser beam. A FDM(finite difference method) is used for modeling the Laser surface hardening process. This model is used to obtain the network's training data sample and to evaluate the performance of the neural network estimator. The simulational results showed that the proposed scheme can be used to estimate the hardening depth on real time.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1907-1914
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• 1995

An on-line measurement of the workpiece hardened depth in laser surface hardening processes is very much difficult to achieve, since the hardening process occurs in depth wise direction. In this paper, the hardened depth is estimated using a multilayered neural network. Input data of the neural network are the surface temperatures at arbitrary chosen five surface points, laser power and traveling speed of laser beam torch. To simulate the actual hardening process, a finite difference method(FDM) is used to model the process. Since this model yields the calculation results of the temperature distribution around the workpiece volume in the vicinity of the laser torch, this model is used to obtain the network's training data and laser to evaluate the performance of the neural network estimator. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can be used to estimate the hardened depth with reasonable accuracy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.325-328
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• 2008

In recent years, developments of light weight vehicle are one of the most important issues in automotive industry. It is important to know the variations of the mechanical properties in the hydro forming process for the safe and durable design purposes. Generally, tube hydroforming process consists of three main processes such as bending, preforming, and hydroforming. It means that the strain hardening histories of final products are nonlinear. In this study, strain hardening behavior during hydroforming has been investigated by hydroforming of engine cradle as a model process. The variation of mechanical properties such as local hardness and strength were used as an index of strain hardening during respective processes. The correlationship between strength and hardness obtained from tensile test has been equivalently converted into correlation between hardness and measured strain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2014

Synthetic products such as casting tape and splints are rapidly replacing conventional plaster casts to treat orthopedic patients. Most synthetic products are produced through a polymerization process with related chemical agents. In this study, the effect of the process parameters on the residual NCO content within a prepolymer for casting tape and the hardening temperature for casting tape were experimentally evaluated. In order to verify the effects of the process parameters, an experimental method was adopted. From an S/N ratio analysis, optimal parameter combinations were determined to produce a pre-polymer with a suitable residual NCO content and alower hardening temperature. Prediction models for the NCO content and the hardening temperature were developed and confirmed.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2019

The effect of hardening methods and process parameters on surface hardening of a Ti-6Al-4V Alloy has been investigated in this study. To characterize the effectiveness of the respective surface hardening methods, samples of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy were self-quenched, laser-nitrided, laser-carburized, laser-carbonitrided at the same laser irradiation conditions. This experimental procedure was followed by comparing the microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of the respective samples after the laser surface hardenings. The hardening characteristics of the respective laser surface hardenings were well defined in this study, and the hardness was significantly influenced by the reaction compounds and laser energy density.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2013

In this study, springback amounts of an S-rail are quantitatively compared according to the hardening model using a finite element simulation for the stamping process with high strength steels. For comparison of the hardening models, two types of hardening models were investigated. The two models were isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening. For the analysis with kinematic hardening, the Yoshida-Uemori model was selected. Five kinds of springback modes were measured at designated sections and a comparison was made between the experiment and the analyses with two types of hardening models. The analysis results show that the springback in the flange and the wall curl are predicted more accurately with a kinematic hardening model.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.78-84
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• 2007

Laser Material Processing has been replaced the conventional machining systems - cutting, drilling, welding and surface modification and so on. Especially, LTH(Laser Transformation Hardening) process is one branch of the laser surface modification process. Conventionally, some techniques like a gas carburizing and nitriding as well as induction and torch heating have been used to harden the carbon steels. But these methods not only request post-machining resulted from a deformation but also have complex processing procedures. Besides, LTH process has some merits as : 1. It is easy to control the case depth because of output(laser power) adjustability. 2. It is able to harden the localized and complicated a.ea and minimize a deformation due to a unique property of a localized heat source. 3. An additional cooling medium is not required due to self quenching. 4. A prominent hardening results can be obtained. This study is related to the surface hardening of the rod-shaped carbon steel applied to the lathe based complex processing mechanism, a basic behavior of surface hardening, hardness distribution and structural characteristics in the hardened zone.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1991.10a
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• pp.252-257
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• 1991

This paper proposed that the eddy-current measurement method can be used a means of in-process measuring the hardening depth in Laser surface treatment process. Also, this paper deal with the numerical analysis of magnetic flux distribution and experimental result of measurement. In Laser heat treatment process of steels, a thin layer of the substrate is rapidly heated to austenitizing temperature and subsequently cooled at a very fast rate due to the self-quenching by heat conduction into the bulk body, to produce a martensite structure which have low magnetic permeability. The eddy-current measurement method depends on the properties of material to be measured such as electric conductivity, magnetic permeability and geometry. In this paper, the hardening depth was measured by detecting relevant magnetic permeability changes caused by heat treatment of steels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.199-202
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• 2006

The hardening and anisotropy based on the crystal plasticity is considered in the numerical simulation of hemispherical sheet forming process to find more realistic simulation results For calculating the yield shear stresses of each crystal, Taylor's model of the crystalline aggregate is employed. The yield stress of crystalline aggregate is computed by averaging the yield stresses of the crystal. The hardening is evaluated by using the Taylor factor and the critical resolved shear stress of the crystal. In addition, by observing the crystallographic texture and slip system, the anisotropy of the sheet is traced during the forming process. The anisotropy and hardening behaviors of the sheet found by the crystal plasticity are described better than those of obtained from the Hill's quadratic criterion based on the continuum plasticity.