• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.96-131
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• 2015

Hanji(Korean traditional paper) is a valuable cultural heritage highly praised, even to this date, for its importance and technology by craftsmanship of our ancestors; it is a product of a combination of craftsmanship, well-established technologies, natural paper mulberry fiber and eco-friendly and durable natural materials and mucilages. Origin of the word 'Hanji(Korean traditional paper)' is from handmade paper made of bast part of the paper mulberry; as paper manufacturing with paper machines introduced in Japan was adopted in late Joseon, paper produced previously was called 'Hanji' and paper produced with western machines was called 'Yangji(machine made paper)'. Hanji has been called by many different names and used in various ways according to materials and production methods; and the functions varied. Hanji, from the era of three states to Joseon era, has been praised for its unique and excellent quality in three Asian countries(Korea, China and Japan); its unique excellence continues to this date in many paper-related national cultural heritages. Also total of 11 cases are registered to UNESCO Memory of the World for its importance, 8 of which are associated with traditional Korean paper: Hunminjeongeum, the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Jikjisimcheyojeol, Seungjeongwon Ilgi, the Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty, Donguibogam, Ilseongnok and A War Diary. To examine excellent characteristics of conservation science in Hanji, many studies have been developed. By developing analysis and manufacturing technologies, the excellence of our Hanji should be re-verified scientifically and the tradition should continue as one of the representative Korean cultural heritages.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.82-90
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• 1999

The buddhistic painting of Song-Kwang temple in Seungjoo-gun, Chonnam, Korea is not known in chronicle, but it could be estimated to works in the early 19th century through it's remaining records and qualities of materials. And it was analysed the qualities of materials consisting of pigment layer, silken-ground layer and support layer in order to preserve buddhistic painting, made back-adherent paper of the support layer proper to it, tested its compatibility, and then concluded as follows. 1. The section structures of buddhistic painting is consisted of the pigment layer, silken-ground layer of silk and the support layer of Korean hand made paper, it could be recognized that buddhistic painting in 19th century was basically composed of the pigment layer, the silken-ground layer and the support layer. Moreover the pigment layer and the silken-ground layer got adhered with glue, and sheets of support layers got back adhered with paste. 2. The support layer of buddhistic painting consisted of 5 layers and two kinds of paper were used for them. The first and second layers were composed of Korean hand made paper made of pure paper mulberry bast fibers, and the rest of them of paper that paper mulberry bast fibers were mixed into recycled hemp fibers. Though it is difficult to assert without the security of more data, finding out the then situation through the qualities of materials, it was presumed that the society in 19th century was suffered from economical difficulties and the operation of the paper industry of temples was rather difficult and so low-qualitative recycled hemp fibers might used for back-adherent paper. 3. Considering tension between silken-ground layers and support layers of this materials, newly made back-adherent paper was used for repair, and then I could conform that it was proper to back-adherent paper for repair.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.110-115
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• 2005

This paper proposes the method to detect contours of a face, eyes and a mouth in a color image for making an avatar automatically. First, we use the HSI color model to exclude the effect of various light condition, and we find skin regions in an input image by using the skin color is defined on HS-plane. And then, we use deformable templates and Genetic Algorithm(GA) to detect contours of a face, eyes and a mouth. Deformable templates consist of B-spline curves and control point vectors. Those can represent various shape of a face, eyes and a mouth. And GA is very useful search procedure based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural genetics. Second, an avatar is created automatically by using contours and Fuzzy C-means clustering(FCM). FCM is used to reduce the number of face color As a result, we could create avatars like handmade caricatures which can represent the user's identity, differing from ones generated by the existing methods.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2013

The Clay Statues of Donggwanwangmyo Shrine (Treasure No. 142) are highly damaged physical weathering which are crack, exfoliation. Pigment of surface are discolored by chemical weathering like dust. The result of ultrasonic velocity measurement, low velocity zone was measured the lowest part of Woojanggun Statue. Deficiency condition of pigment layer was evaluated quantitatively through infrared Thermography. As a result, exfoliation part was detected at high temperature. Making techniques of the Clay statues were identified by gamma rays, infrared TV, SEM. All Clay Statues were founded on wood base and joints of wood were fixed using thin iron wires. After wood base was twisted a straw rope, it was made by clay. Clay was blended with rice straw to prevention of crack and exfoliation. The upper side of clay layer was coated with Hanji(Korean handmade paper) and cotton in order to isolate the pigment layer.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2010

Apartment complex, buildings, markets and department stores have inner parking lots which can accept many cars but drivers waste lots of times to find the empty parking spaces in crowding parking lots. In this paper, we proposed the inner parking information support system based on microprocessor which can decrease roaming times to find vacant parking spot in confusing parking lots through notice monitor and provide SMS to make it easy to find parked place. Proposed system consist with RFID system for detecting access of cars, microprocessor system for processing data of checking existence of cars on parking spots and communicating with server, and server system which processes information of cars' in and out, guides empty parking spots and parked location to drivers. Suggested system is realized by handmade model parking lot size of 8 cars, and we confirmed practicality by providing information using parking notice monitor and single message service.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.88-104
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• 1999

This study was carried out to classify the Hanjis into three groups that were indigenous Hanji, traditional Hanji, and improved Hanji handmade by paper making method according to the physical properties of each paper sheet such as tensile, bursting and tearing strength, folding endurance and fiber orientation in each layer. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The multi-layered Hanjis made by "Oebal" Hanji making method in different direction of fiber orientation have good properties in tearing resistance. 2. The multi-layered Hanji in different direction of fiber orientation has good properties in the tearing resistance, but the burst index and the breaking length results were lower than the single layered Hanjis. 3. The different fiber orientation and multi-layered method didn't increase, the three indexes(burst index, tear index, breaking length). Only, the different direction of fiber orientation decreased the difference of width and length strength (tensile, tear) of the Hanji. 4. "Dochim"(Korean finishing touch process for indigenous Hanji by fulling round sticks) greatly increase folding endurance(double folds, not $log_{10}$) and good effect to tensile strength and burst strength. 5. The today's Oebal Hanji were the maximum of 2 layers and the indigenous Oebal Hanji were 16 layers the maximum. In addition, average of the indigenous Oebal Hanji was 4 layers(all 4-layer Hanji were the different fiber orientation of each layer). 6, The indigenous Hanji(multi-layered, and different fiber orientation) was good condition with "Dochim". Dochim increased tensile strength and burst strength of the indigenous Hanji. So the three-strength indexes were similar level("--"). 7. When the number of layer which were same fiber orientation increase, the increased Hanji became similar strength pattern("V", breaking length and burst index was higher than tear index) with "Ssangbal" Hanji. 8. The single layered papers that made by "Oebal" Hanji making method were similar strength pattern with Ssangbal Hanji. 9. There was no way to find the width and length direction of multi-layered Hanji by comparison between the difference of tensile strength and the difference of tearing resistance. 10. The compared pattern of tensile strength and tearing resistance of indigenous Oebal Hanji was different from today's Oebal Hanji. Especially, the tearing resistance of all indigenous Oebal Hanji(16 samples) was stronger on width of tearing resistance. And in the half of indigenous Oebal Hanji samples, the width of tensile strength and tearing resistance was stronger than length strength (Indigenous Oebal: '$\ulcorner\lrcorner$' 50%, '$\bigcup$' 50% $\leftrightarrow$ Today's Oebal: '$\ulcorner\lrcorner$' 12%, '$\bigcup$'6%, '$\llcorner\urcorner$'17%, '$\bigcap$'65%). In 65% today's Oebal, the length direction of tensile strength and tearing resistance was stronger than the width direction.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2024

This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of the filtering sets composed of fiberboards, which were fabricated with lignocellulosic fiber and cork oak bark-based activated carbon (COA), as well as traditional Korean paper handmade from mulberry trees (KP) for the filtration of PM, TVOC and HCHO. Three-layers fiberboards (WRF) were fabricated with wood fiber in its surface layers and recycled fiber/COA in its core layer using a protein-based adhesive with the resin content of 8%. Filtering sets were composed of three WRF and one sheet of KP. Concentrations of PM, TVOC and HCHO generated with the combustion of a incense in a sealed laboratory hood were reduced efficiently with the operation of air-purifier installed the filtering sets. Except for the WRF fabricated with 4%/4% resin contents, other WRF were prepared with 5%/3% and 6%/2% resin contents in surface/core layers, and then the WRF were used with KP for the fabrication of filtering sets. Filtration efficiency of the filtering sets was improved as the core-layer resin content applied in the fabrication of WRF decreased. In addition, filtration efficiency of the WRF-based filtering set fabricated with KP of 25 g/m² basis weight was higher than that with KP of 45 g/m² basis weight. Filtering sets composed of three-layers fiberboards (RWF) that recycled fiber and wood fiber/COA were used in its surface and core layers, respectively, and KP-25g showed higher filtration efficiency than those of WRF-based filtering sets. Air-inhalation equipment installed the RWF-based, WRF-based filtering sets and without filtering set were operated in small indoor and large outdoor spaces. Efficiency for filtering PM and TVOC of the RWF-based filtering sets was higher than that of other filtering sets. It is concluded that fiberboard-based filtering sets composed of RWF and KP-25g can be used as a filter for reducing the concentrations of PM and TVOC existed in indoor and outdoor spaces.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.689-700
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• 2021

This study aims to optimize the measurement conditions of handmade Hanji paper to reduce the time required for measurement while meeting folding endurance standards, for various basis weights. Thirteen types were selected, including 12 types of Hanji with grammages of 17 g/m², 30 g/m², and 45 g/m², and one type of 75 g/m² copy paper, and 24 sheets were prepared in the laid and chain directions. Subsequently, folding endurance experiments at different load (14.72 N, 9.81 N, 4.91 N) and specimen width conditions (15 mm, 10 mm, 5 mm) were performed, using a 4-MIT folding endurance tester. The results showed that, for specimen widths of 15 mm and 10 mm under a load of 4.91 N, the folding endurance falls within the reference range (10~10000 times). In particular, reduced folding endurance range and measurement time were observed at a width of 10 mm under a load of 4.91 N. Moreover, the endurance trend lines based on the average values of load and specimen width ranges enabled the prediction of the folding endurance within those ranges, according to the decreasing slope. Furthermore, for a specimen width of 15 mm under a load of 4.91 N, the folding endurance in the comparison group (35 to 17723 times) significantly exceeds the upper limit of the reference range (10~10000 times). Therefore, the measurement conditions of 4.91 N with a specimen width of 10 mm are proposed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.548-556
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the applicability of lignocellulosic fiber and coconut shell activated carbon (CSA) for the production of a particulate matter (PM)-reducing air-filter as raw materials to solve the environmental problems of non-woven fabrics. CSA had a good potential to use as a raw material of air-filter for reducing volatile organic compounds as well as noxious metals, and reduction capability of the CSA was 5 times higher than that of wood fiber. Natural adhesives formulated with proteinaceous wastes mostly were applied successfully to fabricate air-filters with the shape of fiberboard. The air-filter fabricated with the minimum target density of 200 kg/m³ and the maximum CSA-content of 40 wt% in fiberboard had a good manageable strength. However, the fiberboard filters was required to make vent-holes for improving an air-permeability of the filters. Size of the CSA particles was adjusted to greater than 2 mesh with the consideration of strength and formability of the fiberboard. Three-layers fiberboard that only wood fiber and the mixture of wood fiber and CSA were formed in the surface and middle layers, respectively, was determined to the optimal condition for the production of air-filters. In addition, traditional Korean paper handmade from mulberry trees (TKP) showed a good PM-reducing property as an air-filter. It is concluded that air-filtering set composed of fiberboard with vent-holes and TKP instead of conventional air-filters made with non-woven fabrics can be used as a filter for reducing the concentrations of PM, VOC and noxious metals existed in indoor and outdoor spaces.