• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.295-298
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• 2011

Lactobacillus species in the female genital tract are thought to act as a barrier to infection. Several studies have demonstrated that lactobacilli can adhere to vaginal epithelial cells. However, little is known about how the adherence of lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial cells affects the acidity, cell viability, or proliferation of the lactobacilli themselves or those of vaginal epithelial cells. Lactobacillus acidophilus was co-cultured with immortalized human vaginal epithelial cells (MS74 cell line), and the growth of L. acidophilus and the acidity of the culture medium were measured. MS74 cell density and viability were also assessed by counting cell numbers and observing the cell attachment state. L. acidophilus showed exponential growth for the first 6 hr until 9 hr, and the pH was maintained close to 4.0-5.0 at 24 hr after culture, consistent with previous studies. The growth curve of L. acidophilus or the pH values were relatively unaffected by co-culture with MS74 cells, confirming that L. acidophilus maintains a low pH in the presence of MS74 cells. This co-culture model could therefore potentially be used to mimic vaginal conditions for future in vitro studies. On the other hand, MS74 cells co-cultured with L. acidophilus more firmly attached to the culture plate, and a higher number of cells were present compared to cells cultured in the absence of L. acidophilus. These results indicate that L. acidophilus increases MS74 cell proliferation and viability, suggesting that lactobacilli may contribute to the healthy environment for vaginal epithelial cells.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.959-967
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• 1988

In this paper, 2-DOF vehicle suspension system with a semiactive on-off damper was studied for improving the ride comfort. It is known that a nonlinear hydraulic damper, which generates force proportional to the square of the relative velocity, can describe the actual fluid resisting type damper more properly than the traditional viscous damping model. On the other hand, hydraulic damper adoption in analysis makes the system nonlinear and causes difficulties to get the system response. In this work, time domain direct integration method was used to calculate system displacement and acceleration. first of all, the response of the suspension system experiencing a given road profile was optimized by Lagrangian multiplier method within the range of given damping coefficients. The appropriate on-loaf damping values were obtained by averaging the already calculated optimum damping coefficients from Lagrangian techniques. The criterion to control the on-off mechanism was determined by examining the suspension efficiency. It was found that the best out of practically applicable criteria is following the sign (positive and negative) of the multiplication of relative displacement and velocity. Judging from the theoretical calculations, it was proved that the semiactive on-off damper can increase suspension efficiency as much as 8-11% in object function.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the major vascular system to supply flap, flap survival rate and complications after flap elevation in order to evaluate possibility of the vascularized face/scalp allotransplantation. Forty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups: control group and experimental group. Individuals of control group had a face/scalp composite unit which was composed of skin, subcutaneous tissue and platysma muscle, supplying by bilateral facial artery, temporal artery and auricular artery and draining by external jugular vein. After a flap was elevated, bilateral facial artery, temporal artery and auricular artery were ligated. On the other hand, those of experimental group had the same composite unit as control group with bilateral facial artery, temporal artery and auricular artery being not ligated. We had measured survival area of flaps of the sixteen individuals survived for four weeks in the control group and fourteen in the experimental group by Grid method. The mean survival durations of the flap were 3.7days in the control group, 20.0days in the experimental group. The significant differences in the mean survival durations and survival rate at the 28days were found between the control and experimental group (p<0.05). Mean values about the survival area's fractions of all were $1.3{\pm}4.%$ in the control group and $63.1{\pm}4.8%$ in the experimental group. Those of experimental group was significantly higher than control group statistically (p<0.05). The composite face/scalp flap which we have elevated, supplied by bilateral facial artery, temporal artery, auricular artery and drained by external jugular vein has flap viability enough to be transplanted after its elevation.

• Laser Solutions
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.15-19
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• 2008

Electron beam (EB) weldability of pure grade Nb sheet was studied. One of Nb sheets was as-annealed and the other was cold rolled. Microstructures, Vickers hardness, and transverse weld tensile test were carried out for the base metal, the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal. In the case of the EB welds made using the annealed Nb sheeet, fine equiaxed grains and coarse grains were dominant at the base metal and the HAZ, respectively, and columnar grains were observed at the weld metal. For the EB welds made using the cold rolled Nb sheet, elongated grains in the rolling direction at the base metal, and the microstructures of the weld metal and the HAZ are similar to those of the EB welds made using the annealed Nb sheet, respectively. For both annealed and cold rolled Nb sheet, the width of the HAZs are unusually wide in spite of using high density heat source, i.e. electron beam, and the grain sizes of both HAZs are similar. When tensile test was carried out using the transverse weld specimens, the failure occurred at the HAZ for both EB welds made using Nb sheets annealed and cold rolled, respectively and the tensile strengths of both specimens were 161MPa. Vickers hardness of EB welds made using annealed Nb was 56-57 Hv at both base metal and weld metal, 52-53 Hv at the HAZ. On the other hand, Vickers hardness of EB welds made using cold rolled Nb was 97-99 Hv at the base metal, but the hardness values of weld metal were similar to those obtained at the weld metal of annealed Nb.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.277-286
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• 2015

This study calculated the NDVI and the NDBI of the land-use change in major cities at North Korea through Landsat imagery, and analyzed the spatiality(LISA) with difference discretization of the UI index. As a result of the research, we could identify that the degree of urbanization has been increased in both Gaesung and Pyeongyang, but showed opposite spatial tendency to each other. The urban index of Pyeongyang, a nucleus district of North Korea, has been progressed quicker than Gaesung since 1994, while the urbanization development was being progressed also in general, as it expanded from the existing downtown area. On the other hand, the urbanization took place intensively at one region in Gaesung by developing the vegetation area that forest transfers into a built-up area, which has been judged from the great dynamic range of NDVI values. In conclusion, it is possible to extract necessary data for understanding the degree of urbanization and spatial characteristics of North Korea through the UI and the LISA analysis that are considered to propose useful methodology in investigating changes in North Korean cities and political levearage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.485-491
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• 2010

Acquisition of information on failure slope, which may cause apprehension of second hand damage, requires acquisition of fast and accurate topographical data and efficient expression in indirect surveying method without accessing as needed. Therefore, in this study, the images on the intended area were photographed through hovering in the air by approaching collapsed road cut slope with the use of unmanned helicopter photography system. As a result of comparing the points observed by no prism total station and the 10 coordinate points analyzed through image analysis, the averages of absolute values were shown to be 0.056m in X axis direction, 0.082m in Y axis direction and 0.066m Z axis direction. In addition, the RMSE of the error for 10 points of test points were 0.015636m in X axis direction, 0.021319m in Y axis direction and 0.018734m in Z axis direction. Therefore, this method can determine the range of slope and longitudinal and cross sections of each slope in dangerous area that cannot be approached in relational image matching method for the terrains of such collapsed cut slope.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.371-374
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• 2005

The compositions and antioxidant activities of tree and hydrolyzed phenolic acids, which are aglycones of esterified phenolic acids, in wild ginseng leaves were investigated. The contents of tree and hydrolyzed phenolic acids in the wild ginseng leaves were $422.4\;{\pm}\;3.5$ and $319.6\;{\pm}\;5.7\;mg/100\;g$, respectively, as gallic acid equivalents. Free phenolic acids were composed of 55.3% benzoic acid derivatives and 44.6% phenylpropanoids. The major constituents of free phenolic acids in the ginseng leaves were syringic (139.4 mg/l00 g) and sinapic (131.2 mg/100 g) acids. On the other hand, hydrolyzed phenolic acids in the ginseng leaves were mainly composed of caffeic (59.4 mg/100 g), ferulic (49.5 mg/100 g), and p-coumaric (33.8 mg/100g) acids. Phenylpropanoid content was higher (82.7%) than benzoic acid derivatives (17.3%). $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH radical scavenging activity were $10.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ for tree phenolic acids and 8.0 mg/mL for hydrolyzed phenolic acids, as gallic acid equivalents. Hydrolyzed phenolic acids also exhibited higher hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activities than free phenolic acids did. These results indicated that the antioxidant activities of the wild ginseng leaves were correlated more closely with phenylpropanoid contents than with total amount of phenolics.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.15-22
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• 1999

This study investigated the mordanting effect of natural mordants such as camellia ash, bean chaff ash and pyrolignite of iron(Iron(II) Acetate) on silk fabrics dyed with green tea extracts. Experimental variables include the conditions of extraction and dyeing, and types of natural mordants. Inorganic ion contents In natural mordants were analysed by Induced Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer. In the ash Al, Fe, Si and Mn were in % unit, Cr and Ni were detected in ppm unit, and in the aqueous extracts of the ash all the metal ions were in ppm unit. On the other hand, fairly high content of Al(2.13% ) in camellia ash extract and Fe(7.91% ) in the aqueous extracts of pyrolignite iron were detected. The absorbance intensity of green tea extracts in UV-Visible spectrum increased with the temperature and time of extraction. The maximum absorption wavelength of the extracts appeared at 272.5nm and 210.5nm. The US values of silk fabrics dyed with green tea extracts were increased with temperature and time of dyeing. Surface color of silk fabric dyed with green tea extracts was 9.1YR, but it was changed from 7.9YR to 7.5YR by camellia ash extract and 7.4YR to 6.4YR by bean chaff ash extract with increase in mordant concentration. Pre-mordanted and post-mordanted fabrics with pyrolignite of iron were changed from 1.4YR to 1.1R and 7.2P to 4.2P, respectively.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 2010

To discover association rules from nontransactional data, there have been many studies on discretization of attribute values. These studies do not reflect the change of discovered rules' confidence according to the change of the ranges of the discretized attributes, and perform the discretization stage and the rule discovery stage independently. This causes the ranges of attributes not properly discretized, thereby making the rules having high confidence excluded in the result set. To solve this problem, we propose a novel method that performs the discretization and rule discovery stages simultaneously in order to discretize ranges of attributes in such a way that the rules having high confidence are discovered well. To the end, we perform hierarchical clustering on the attributes in the right hand side of rules, then do characterization on every cluster thus obtained. The experimental result demonstrates that our method discovers the rules having high confidence better than existing methods.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.603-614
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• 1993

This study was undertaken to investigate the dietary factors related to the incidence of stomach and colon cancers in Korean. The subjects were 139 stomach and 52 colon cancer patients recruited from 3 general hospitals in Seoul. Food intake, anthropometric measurement, and blood compositions were studied through personal interview and using medical records. Body weight, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, body muscle mass of the subjects were lower than reference values. The body weight was reduced after the onset of the illness, which suggests body waste due to the cancers. The patients showed the lower valuies of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Serum protein and calcium were at lower limit of the normal range. Therefore the untritional status assessed by anthropometry and blood composition should be said to be marginal. The average intake of most of the nutrients except Ca of the subjects met the RDA, but the range was wide and the nutrient intake of large proportion of the subjects feel below 75% of RDA. The food intake of egg, milk, legumes, and fruts were lower than national average, on the other hand the subjects had higher intake of meat, vegetables, and fats. The subjects drank and smoked heavily, stomach cancers being more severs. From this results, dietary risk factors for the stomach and colon cancers in Korean did not agree with the reports of western societies. Even though the intakes of meat and animal food of colon cancer patients can not be classified as high, it was higher than stomach cancer and national average. Therefore it could be concluded that with increasing consumption of animal food, the incidence of colon cancer would be increased in Korea.