• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.135-141
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was conducted to understand 4 groups in tentatively named "muscle coordinative manipulation" by Korean medicine. Methods : We researched some articles on meridian-muscle theory and muscle's action that are classified into 4 groups in muscle coordinative manipulation. Results : The outcome of examining the hypothesis is as follows: 1. The 1st hypothesis : 'Elevated shoulder' group mainly consists of muscles that are involved with shoulder elevation, abduction and external rotation. 'Lowered shoulder' group is mainly composed of muscles that acts of shoulder depression, adduction and internal rotation. 'Elevated pelvis' & 'Lowered pelvis' groups didn't show significant features by the movement of the hips. 2. The 2nd hypothesis : Most of muscles in 'elevated & lowered shoulder' groups are classified into 'hand taiyang' meridian-muscle. Most of muscles in 'elevated pelvis' group are included in 'foot jueyin' meridian-muscle. Most of muscles in 'lowered pelvis' group are classified into 'foot taiyang & foot yangming' meridian-muscle. Conclusions : There is no significant classification in muscles that comprise 4 groups in muscle coordinative manipulation when it comes to meridian-muscle theory and muscle function. More studies on chain reaction of muscle and subsequent analysis in Korean medicine are needed.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2008

Objectives : This study is designed to investigate the association between Samcho-gyeong(TE) and the lower branch of Meridian system. Methods : The base of the study was established by searching for the historic conception of Samcho. Thereafter the meaning of lower correlation was considered and the property of lower part of Samcho Meridian system studied. Results : Samcho is a kind of Yug-Bu(Six hollow viscera, 六腑). It is a functional internal organ, which has been continuously controversial in history. It covers wide range of the internal organs and plays various kinds of roles. Samcho and Simpo lack in interrelation of obverse and reverse. The conception of Sanghap(Upper correlation, 上合) in Naegyeong supplements the deficiency. To establish the conception of Sanghap between Yug-Bu and Hand meridians, there should be established the conception of Hahap(Lower correlation, 下合) between Yug-Bu and foot meridians for treating lower parts. The existence of Hahaphyeol(Lower confluent points, 下合穴) reveals that there were a lot of limits in treating JungHa-cho(Middle and Lower energizers, 中下焦) diseases only with the acupoints of the Hand meridians. Jogsamcho(Triple energizer of foot, 足三焦) meridian written in Taeso(太素), corresponds to the lower leg, and it is believed that it engages in treating diseases in the trunk of the body and Hacho(Lower energizer, 下焦). Conclusions : Therefore, it is believed that the lower part of meridian of Samcho can deal with the symptoms of lower back pain, leg pain, bladder disease, and so on. This study is meaningful in that it expands the range of treatment in acupoints of the regular meridians.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.147-167
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• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study is to summarise pattern-identification of shoulder pain based on the classics of oriental medicine, current literature and domestic papers. Methods : The materials selected were sourced from the classics of oriental medicine, current literature and domestic papers which contained data related to pattern-identification of shoulder pain. The pattern-identifications were compared to determine the similarities, and these were classified. Results : Thirty-five studies were reviewed, and thirty-seven pattern-identifications were collated. These were classified into the following groups: wind-cold-dampness group(n = 8), blood stasis group(n = 3), phlegm group(n = 7), dual deficiency of Qi and blood group(n = 4), deficiency cold group(n = 2), liver-kidney deficiency group(n = 1) and meridian-collateral group(n = 12). Conclusions : On the basis of the classification of pattern-identifications, two groups of pattern-identifications for shoulder pain were suggested. The first group included the pattern-identification associated with a disease-cause, which included the wind-cold-dampness pattern(風寒濕型), blood stasis pattern(瘀血型), phlegm pattern(痰飮型), Qi-blood deficiency pattern(氣血兩虛型), deficiency cold pattern(虛寒型), and liver-kidney deficiency pattern(肝腎虧損型). The second included the pattern-identification associated with the meridian-collateral, which included the hand greater Yin meridian pattern(手太陰經型), hand Yang brightness meridian pattern(手陽明經型), hand lesser Yin meridian pattern(手少陰經型), hand greater Yang meridian pattern(手太陽經型), hand reverting Yin meridian pattern(手厥陰經型), hand lesser Yang meridian pattern(手少陽經型), and foot greater Yang meridian pattern(足太陽經型).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3 s.67
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• pp.132-144
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• 2006

Objectives: In order to improve our understanding of the meridian, it is necessary to analyze how meridian theory formed. In this regard, the primitive form of meridians requires further study. Methods: Data from the pre-Han and Han dynasties were used, as such data document primitive forms of the meridian. Results: 1. Some of the terminology of the primitive meridians did not include symmetrical terms such as hand, foot, yin and yang; instead, terms of travel area were used. 2. In the primitive meridians, most travel from the bottom to the top. 3. The twelve meridian system had not yet been introduced into the primitive system. 4. In the primitive meridians, only a few had branches. 5. In the primitive meridians, they did not have obvious connections with the five vital organs and the six viscera. Conclusions: Although the primitive meridian system differs from the modem, studying the primitive meridians may improve our understanding of the modem meridians.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1157-1176
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• 2003

The following conclusions are induced from a study on the acupuncture therapy depending on hyungsang of the persons. The study is made on the basis of 'Internal classic (內經)& and &Clinical Lectures by Dr. Jeesan&. The acupuncture originated from the treatment of spasm with numbness in the southern area. The acupuncture is basically a remedy for the exterior disease of meridian but also it can be a cure for the interior disease of Jang and obstinate disease with accurate method. Three mechanisms of acupuncture are described in 'Internal classic'. The first is to make meridian circulate smoothly. The second is to regulate Ki and Hyul. The third is to regulate points through which the meridian-Ki goes in and out smoothly or adversely. There are two ways of acupuncture in 'Internal classic'. One is based on pulse and symptom and the other on the Hyungsang. The former is more generally used therapy, to which depletion method, Asi point method(阿是穴 療法), Inyoung-kigu pulse comparison method (人迎氣口脈法) and method depending on jang-bu disease belong. Acupuncture is done on Su points(輸穴) and back-su point(背兪穴) in case of jang-disease. In case of bu-disease, the treatment is done on Hap points(合穴) and Mo-points(募穴). The latter includes two methods; one according to invariable Hyungsang. And the other to variable Hyungsang. The method of acupuncture according to invariable Hyungsang usually selects Won-points(原穴). Different Hyungsang requires different method of acupuncture; In case of Dam type, the acupuncture is mainly practiced on four-Kwan points with reinforcing and reducing methods achieved by the direction of the needle tip pointing to. In case of Bangkwang type, the acupuncture is usually done on Jungwan(中脘) and Poongyung(豊隆) with reinforcing and reducing methods by means of respiration. In case of female, more effective are the acupoints on the right and lateral parts of the body selected on the basis of five su-points of the twelve meridians matching the heavenly stems and earthly branches. In case of male, more effective are the acupoints on the left, front and rear parts of the eight extra meridians. In case of acupuncture to the person with Hyungsang of five jang and six bu, each person's intrinsic Hyung, color, pulse, must be observed. Because symptoms of jang-bu disease also must be checked up. Acupuncture is done on the Won-points of the meridians related to the jang and bu where the disease starts. The disease of five jang is so obstinate that it requires both of medication and acupuncture for a long time. In case of acupuncture to the person with Hyungsang of animal types, diagnosis is made on the basis of shape, temper, function and color. And the treatment is given on the Won-points of corresponding exterior and interior meridians. For the fish type, the acupuncture is done on the kidney meridian of foot-soyin and the urinary bladder of foot-taiyang. For the bird type, on the heart meridian of hand-soyin, the pericardium meridian of hand-gualyin, and the small intestine meridian of hand-taiyang For the deer type, on the liver meridian of foot-gualyin and the gallbladder meridian of foot-soyang. For the turtle type, on the lung meridian of hand-taiyin and the large intestine meridian of hand-yangmyung.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2009

The 'Half outside and half inside(半表半裏)' is the part which is located between outside and inside, and it is regarded as the nickname of ShaoYang(少陽) in Sanhanlun(傷寒論). About the meaning of 'Half outside and half inside', many medical scientists agreed that the 'outside' is 'TaiYang(太陽)', but they didn't agreed the meaning of 'inside'. One group insisted the 'inside' is 'YangMing (陽明)', the other group instisted that 'TaiYin(太陰)'. To know which opinion is correct, I analyed the Kwigyung(歸經) of herbs in Soshihotang(小柴胡湯) which has a close relationship with ShaoYang, and it is proved that the Kwigyung of herbs is the Foot ShaoYang-GALL BLADDER Meridian(足少陽膽經), Hand TaiYin-LUNG Meridian(手太陰肺經), and Foot TaiYin-SPLEEN Meridian(足太陰脾經). So I concluded that the 'inside' is not 'YangMing' but 'TaiYin'.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.151-160
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• 2001

Objective : Assuming that the characteristic of meridian system has been similar to this of electric potentials in human body and that measurements of electric potential at well(井穴) and sea(合穴) points in branches of the twelve meridians will be representative of measurements of the twelve meridians, to measure the electric potentials in twenty aged and fifty aged healthy volunteers groups at sleeping(SG) and awakening(AG), and then to find out the characteristic of meridian system among 2 groups. Methods : We selected who thirty healthy volunteers were diagnosed by a blood test, urine examination and differentiation of syndromes by five viscera(五臟辨證) among volunteers. Their electric potential of well and sea points in the meridians were simultaneously measured by physiograph. Results : Measurements were analyzed by statistical factor analysis, we obtained that the both left and right side electric potential of well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians were unclearly divided into four factors according to age and whether sleeping or not, which were the three Yin meridians of the hand, the three Yang channels of the hand, the three Yin meridians of the foot, and the three Yin meridians of the foot. Conclusion : In conclusion, using the sequently measuring method, we obtained that electrical potentials of well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians were divided into two factors, but the simultaneously measuring method, those were divided into four factors. The latter result means that the electrical potentials of twelve meridians were reflected by the function of the viscera and bowels.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

By studying the portions and layers(分部), left and right, superior and inferior, location of yin and yang, and beginning and end of diseases of skin, which is the core point of the theory of cutaneous region(皮部論) in "Naejing(內經)", in the physiological and pathological perspective, based on opinion of historic memorial doctors, arrived to the conclusion as below. Cutaneous region means not only the distribution of three yin and three yang(三陰三陽) of the surface, but also inside and outside, shallowness and depth, and it is the system which unites meridians, networks, and vessels. It is divided into portions and layers. The origin and beginning of diseases and the rule of favorable pattern and unfavorable pattern can be known through it. The portion of skin is not only the area that meridian vessels belongs to skin, but also the area that activation of twelve meridian vessels are expressed in the surface. The layer of skin is consisted in order of skin-tertiary collateral vessel-collateral vessel-meridian vessel-bone. In "Naejing", there are two preconditions to divide three yin and three yang into yin and yang. The first is standing while looking the south, and second is the quotation "outside is side of yang(外者爲陽 內者爲陰)." According to this preconditions, yang of outside of yang brightness, lesser yang, and greater yang is the whole body, except inside of hand and foot which yin of lesser yin, pericardium, and greater yin. Superior and inferior of the portions and the layers is designated as hand and foot, theological basis of which superior and inferior work in same diagnostic method can be found in the root and the basis(標本) and the origin and the insertion(根結). In conclusion, cutaneous region not only manages layer of the skin, but also it is divided into layers and portions, so it has close relations between meridian vessels and collateral vessels. The in-depth study of cutaneous region and meridians should be progress, in order to practice of diagnosis and acupuncture and moxibustion more.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.35-52
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on the skin bio-electrical capacitance at twelve source points. Methods: Twenty healthy male subjects were assigned to smoking and sham-smoking by a random cross-over design. Skin bio-electrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points for 10 minutes before and after smoking. The change of skin bio-electrical capacitance was analysed. Results: 1. The skin bio-electrical capacitance at LU9, PC7 and LR3 was significantly increased after smoking. 2. In the smoking group, the skin bio-electrical capacitance at the source points of Hand Yin meridians significantly increased compared to that of Foot Yin and Hand Yang meridians. Conclusions: Smoking significantly increased the skin bio-electrical capacitance at the source points of Lung, Pericardium and Liver meridians. Hand Yin meridians appear to be more vulnerable to smoking than other meridians.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.67-80
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this survey is the development on the neck pain for acupuncture and moxibustion clinical guideline. Methods : The survey questionnaire was developed by the committee of experts who major in acupuncture & moxibustion or statistics for acupuncture clinical trial protocol development. The questionnaires were distributed via e-mail to 75 members of Korean Acupuncture & moxibustion society. 57 members completed answers, and the computerized data were analyzed by SPSS 17.0 statistical program. Results and Conclusions : 1. The first selected pattern identification on the neck pain This study shows that the meridian pattern identification was selected 35 times(61.4%), the pattern identification based on cause of disease was selected 8 times(14.0%), the visceral pattern identification was selected 7 times(12.3%), the other pattern identification was selected 4 times(7.0%), Qi blood yin yang pattern identification was selected 2 times(3.5%), according to symptoms was selected 1 time(2.4%). 2. Meridian pattern identification Small intestine meridian of hand Taeyang was used 39 times(18.1%), Large intestine meridian of hand Yangmyeong and Bladder meridian of foot Taeyang was used 34 times(15.7%), Gall-bladder meridian of foot Soyang was 32 times(14.8%), Tripple energizer meridian of hand Soyang was used 31 times(14.4%), Governor meridian was used 30 times(13.9%), Lung meridian of hand Taeeum was used 8 times(3.7%), Heart meridian of hand Soeum and Pericarduim meridian of hand Gworeum was used 4 times(1.9%). 3. Pattern identification based on cause of disease Wind-Cold-Dampness was used 31 times(17.5%), Accumulation of the collateral by Phelgm-Dampness was used 16 times(14.0%), affection by exopathogen Wind-Cold(stiff neck, sprain of cervical) was used 13 times (11.4%), Defecient-Cold was used 10 times(8.8%), affection by exopathogen Wind-Dampness was used 9 times(7.9%), Deep Invasion by Wind-Cold was used 8 times(7.0%), Wind-Cold was used 7 times (6.1%), Wind-Cold was used 6 times(5.3%), Accumulation in the Center by Phelgm-Dampness, Imparement of bou fluid by Pathogenic Heat, Wind-Heat with Dampness was used 5 times(4.4%), affection by exopathogen Wind-Dampness and Accumulation of the collateral by Wind-Cold was used 4 times(3.5%), Invasion of Dampness-Heat was used 2 times(1.8%). 4. Visceral pattern identification Rising of the Liver yang was used 16 times(41%), Yin deficiency of Liver and Kidney+pathogens was used 15 times(38.5%), Yin deficiency of Liver and Kidney was used 8 times(20.5%) on this survey.