• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13-15
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• 2015

Purpose: Since the hand elevation test was first introduced by Ahn in 2001, it has been one of most performing provocative test for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome. Although many studies have been published on the hand elevation test, there are no study that can explain why false-negative results of hand elevation test appears in carpal tunnel syndrome patients diagnosed by electromyography (EMG) findings. Therefore we searched out whether hand elevation test is related with EMG severity. Materials and Methods: We made a retrospective study of 654 bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome patients. Among them 134 were studied which had different hand elevation test results on each hands. The paired samples t-test was used to compare the EMG severity of each group. The relationships between hand elevation test and EMG severity were examined using Pearson-product correlations. Comparing whether the frequency of false negative hand elevation were different between both hands, and whether the severity of EMG depends on which side of hand is, was evaluated with Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: Severity of EMG in positive group was moderate to severe on average, whereas mild to moderate on negative group, with significant difference statistically (p<0.001). Correlation between the hand elevation test results and EMG severity also showed significance statistically (p<0.001). Conclusion: Mild severity of EMG was found out to be the factor affecting the false results. However, EMG severity and hand elevation test shows a meaningful correlation, supporting the value of hand elevation test.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.472-475
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• 2012

Objective : The aim of this study is to establish the value of hand elevation test as a reproducible provocative test for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods : We had a prospective study of 45 hands of 38 patients diagnosed with CTS between April 2005 and February 2009. The diagnosis of CTS was based on the American Academy of Neurology clinical diagnostic criteria. Experimental and control group patients underwent Tinel's test, Phalen's test, carpal compression test and hand elevation test as provocative tests for CTS. Results : We used chi-square analysis to compare Tinel's test and Phalen's test, carpal compression test with hand elevation test. The sensitivity and specificity of the hand elevation test is 86.7% and 88.9% each. Tinel's test had 82.2% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity. Phalen's test had 84.4% sensitivity and 86.7% specificity. Carpal compression test had 84.4% sensitivity 82.2% specificity. Comparisons of sensitivity and specificity between hand elevation test and Tinel's test, Phalen's test, and carpal compression test had no statistically significant differences. To compare the diagnostic accuracies of four tests, the area under the non-parametric receiver operating character curve was applied. Conclusion : The hand elevation test has higher sensitivity and specificity than Tinel's test, Phalen's test, and carpal compression test. Chi-square statistical analysis confirms the hand elevation test is not ineffective campared with Tinel's test, Phalen's test, and carpal compression test.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to improve the firing elevation driving method for towed howitzer to prevent the musculoskeletal disorders. To adjust the firing elevation, it is required to rotate the hand wheel and this work has been done manually in the firing test range as the same method as field artillery troops. In the firing test range, the motor-driven firing elevation adjustment device was developed to improve the working efficiency and safety. These were compared by using posture classification scheme of RULA and REBA. It was measured elapsed time to investigate the improved operational efficiency. The optimal posture of upper body to operate the hand wheel for field artillery troops was proposed.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.5-12
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• 2023

In this study, the amount of heaving soil and the heave characteristics of the heaving soil generated at the actual site were quantitatively analyzed through DCM laboratory test construction. By reproducing a series of construction processes of the DCM method in a large-scale soil tank close to the actual site, the amount of heaving soil was predicted and the elevation characteristics such as elevation, diffusion range, diffusion angle and amount of elevation of the heaving soil were evaluated. As a result of the laboratory test construction, the actual elevation in terms of similarity within the DCM improvement section is 0~8.18m, and an average of 3.50m is observed. The actual diffusion range of the heaving soil converted to the similarity ratio is distributed from 28.0 to 38.0m on the left and right sides of the improvement section. The total amount of heaving soil calculated by the SUFFER program based on the results of the laboratory test construction is 19,901m³. Compared with the injected slurry amount of 16,992m³, the amount of heave compared to the injected amount is analyzed as 85.4%. The diffusion angle of DCM heaving soil, which analyzed the results of DCM laboratory test construction with the SUFFER program, is measured to be 30.0~38.0° at a depth of 50.0m, and is evaluated as an average of 34.0°. On the other hand, based on the DCM laboratory test construction and the analysis results using the program performed in this study, the amount of heaving soil at the DCM depths of 40.0m and 60.0m is predicted.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.118-123
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• 2008

Weakness process can be called ferrule array and epoxy filling process at connector manufacturing process, and a lot of problems happen as think as general manufacturing process at early investment. Wished to improve this and working environment mend of worker on childhood(planning phase) and problem that is happened at done ferrule array and epoxy injection by emphasis target. By ferrule sorting and Improvement of epoxy filling process, bring authoritativeness elevation of product by fraction defective decrease of product by sized work along with productivity elevation. On the other hand, working jigs are various in characteristics of optical connector manufacturing line. There have been lots of restriction in practice because the applicability of this system is only for single type model though the network should be smooth between lines. Thus, it is not only needed the recognition of necessity in industrial line but also the development of automation system arraying ferrule and filling epoxy in the manufacturing process. It is found that the present system development enhances productivity fairly and prevents industrial disaster in the optical connector manufacturing system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.190-190
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• 1999

CHF (Critical heat flux) on the external surface of the reactor vessel lower head is major key in the evaluation on the feasibility of IVR-EVC (In-Vessel Retention through External Vessel Cooling) concept. To identify the CHF on the external surface, considerable works have been performed. Through the review on the previous works related to the CHF on the external surface, liquid subcooling, induced flow along the external surface, ICI (In-Core Instrument) nozzle and minimum gap are identified as major parameters. According to the present analysis, the effects of the ICI nozzle and minimum gap on CHF are pronounced at the upstream of test vessel: on the other hand, the induced flow considerably affects the CHF at downstream of test vessel. In addition, the subcooling effect is shown at all of test vessel, and decreases with the increase in the elevation of test vessel. In the real application of the IVR-EVC concept, vertical position is known as a limiting position, at which thermal margin is the minimum. So, it is very important to precisely predict the CHF at vertical position in a viewpoint of gaining more thermal margins. However, the effects of the liquid subcooling and induced flow do not seem to be adequately included in the CHF correlations suggested by previous works, especially at the downstream positions.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.39
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• pp.2.1-2.6
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• 2017

Background: All clinicians are aware of the difficulty of installing a dental implant in posterior maxilla because of proximate position of maxillary sinus, insufficient bone width, and lower bone density. This study is to examine which factors will make the implantation in the posterior maxilla more difficult, and which factors will affect the postoperative implant stability in this region. Methods: Five hundred seventy-three fixtures on the maxilla posterior were included for this study from all the patients who underwent an installation of the dental implant fixture from January 2010 to December 2014 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Pusan National University Dental Hospital (Yangsan, Korea). The postoperative implant stability quotient (ISQ) value, fixture diameter and length, presence of either bone graft or sinus lift, and graft material were included in the reviewed factors. The width and height of the bone bed was assessed via preoperative cone beam CT image analysis. The postoperative ISQ value was taken just before loading by using the OsstellTM $mentor^{(R)}$ (Integration Diagnostics AB, Gothenburg, Sweden). The t test and ANOVA methods were used in the statistical analysis of the data. Results: Mean ISQ of all the included data was 79.22. Higher initial bone height, larger fixture diameter, and longer fixture length were factors that influence the implant stability on the posterior edentulous maxilla. On the other hand, the initial bone width, bone graft and sinus elevation procedure, graft material, and approach method for sinus elevation showed no significant impact associated with the implant stability on the posterior edentulous maxilla. Conclusions: It is recommended to install the fixtures accurately in a larger diameter and longer length by performing bone graft and sinus elevation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2019

Background The aim of this study was to assess the safety of one-per-mil tumescent injections into viable skin flaps that had survived an ischemic insult, in order to assess the potential suitability of one-per-mil tumescent injections in future secondary reconstructive procedures such as flap revision and refinements after replantation. Methods Forty groin flaps harvested from 20 healthy Wistar rats weighing 220 to 270 g were subjected to acute ischemia by clamping the pedicle for 15 minutes. All flaps showing total survival on the 7th postoperative day were randomly divided into group A (one-per-mil tumescent infiltration; n=14), group B (normal saline infiltration; n=13), and group C (control, with no infiltration; n=13) before being re-elevated. Transcutaneous oxygen tension ($TcPO_2$) was measured before and after infiltration, and changes in $TcPO_2$ were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance, the paired t-test, and the independent t-test. The viability of flaps was also assessed using the Analyzing Digital Images software at 7 days after the second elevation. Results Thirty-nine flaps survived to the final assessment, with the sole exception of a flap from group A that did not survive the first elevation. $TcPO_2$ readings showed significant decreases (P<0.05) following both one-per-mil tumescent ($99.9{\pm}5.7mmHg$ vs. $37.2{\pm}6.3mmHg$) and normal saline ($103{\pm}8.5mmHg$ vs. $48.7{\pm}5.9mmHg$) infiltration. Moreover, all groin flaps survived with no signs of tissue necrosis. Conclusions One-per-mil tumescent infiltration into groin flap tissue that had survived ischemia did not result in tissue necrosis, although the flaps experienced a significant decrease of cutaneous oxygenation.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and physiological variables of chest pain induced by exercise test in angina suspected patients. The subjects of this study consisted of 28 inpatients and outpatients aged between 40 and 75 who underwent treadmill test at exercise testing laboratory of S-University from January 2000 to June 2000. Subjects were interviewed with questionnaire regarding sociodemography, the past health history and history related to chest pain before the exercise test. Subjects were interviewed with questionnaire concerning quality, intensity, duration of chest pain induced by walking on the treadmill(Marquette, U.S.A. 1992) according to Bruce protocol following exercise test. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured before, during and after the test, heart rate was determined by ECG. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) Quality of chest pain induced by exercise test were feeling stiffness 19(67.9%), heavy 10(36.0%), exploded 9(32.1%), crushing, suffocating, tight 8(28.6%), stuffy, prickly 7(25.0%), burning 6(21.4%), clasp 5(17.9%), cleaved, tensed, piercing 3(10.7%), perfectly fitting, sore 2(7.1%), tearing, tingling, ticklish, heartburn 1(3.6%). 2) Mean score of VAS(intensity of pain) following exercise test was $5.79{\pm}2.27$ and mean duration of chest pain after the test was $7.83{\pm}5.31$ minutes. 3) Sites of chest-pain induced by exercise test were middle site 11(39.3%), left-chest 10(35.6%), right-chest 6(21.5%). Radiation site of chest-pain was neck(18.0%), right flank site 1(3.6%), left shoulder & arm 2(7.1%) and back 1(3.6%). 4) Symptoms other than chest-pain induced by exercise test were dyspnea 21(75.6%), perspiration 14(50.4%), fatigue 12(43.2%), leg-pain 11(39.6%), dizziness 7(25.2%) anxiety toward chest-pain 3(10.8%), thirst 2(7.1%), and palpation, headache and tingling sensation of hand and leg 1(3.6%). 5) Mean MET(intensity of exercise) during the exercise test was $7.64{\pm}2.57$ and mean RPE(rating of perceived exertion) was $15.89{\pm}2.36$. Mean duration of exercise was $6.79{\pm}2.88$. 6) correlation coefficients between RPE and VAS was 0.500(p=0.003), those between MET and VAS was 0.287(p=0.069) and those between either depression or elevation of ST segment and VAS was 0.236(p=0.114). 7) There was a significant difference in mean systolic pressure between before and after the test as $146.29{\pm}28.18mmHg$ and $177.96{\pm}28.82mmHg$(t=-5.640, p=0.000), a significant difference in mean diastolic blood pressure between before and after the test as $84.85{\pm}15.07mmHg$ and $88.89{\pm}13.72mmHg$(t=-2.082, p=0.047), and there was a significant difference in mean heart-rate between before and after the test as $81.89{\pm}12.22/min$ and $160.68{\pm}21.77/min$(t=-21.255, p=0.000).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.33-43
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• 1968

Histamine, 0.5 mg as histamine base in 4 ml of normal saline solution, was injected into rabbits anesthetized with nembutal and the mean blood pressure was kept in the range of $52{\sim}80\;mmHg$ for over one hour by supplemental additions. Following the injection of the test substances, 300 mg of urea and 200 mg of antipyrine intravenously, serial blood samples were obtained from the femoral artery and the internal jugular vein at $0.5{\sim}3$ minutes interval. The decreasing patterns in the concentrations of arterial and venous blood plasma samples were compared with each other. The ratio of the concentration of brain tissue to that of the final arterial plasma was also studied. By these measures the degrees of penetration of the test substances in the brain in the control and in the histamine treated rabbits were observed. The concentrations of antipyrine and urea in the arterial blood plasma were decreasing exponentially with respect to the time elapsed. The venous concentrations were anticipated to increase initially and to cross the arterial concentration curve in the point of equlibrium between the plasma and the tissue. On the contrary to the expectation venous concentration also revealed the decreasing tendency similar to that of arterial plasma. The similarity between these two curves, arterial and venous, would be atributable to the fact that the cerebral blood flow rate was large enough and the rising phase in the venous concentration curve was instantly over before serial blood samples were taken. Inspite of some similarity in the decreasing tedency in both concentration curves there were appreciable discrepancies between the arterial and venous plasma which would reflect the situation far from the equlibria among several compartments in the brain. Changes in plasma potassium levels caused by the injection of histamine or bleeding were observed, too. Using 8 rabbits as the control and 12 rabbits for the histamine treated group following results were obtained: 1. Both of the concentration curves, arterial and venous, declined rapidly at_first and slowly later on and approached same equilibrium concentration with the passage of time after a single injection. The time at which attained the same concentration was $2.0{\pm}0.54\;min.$ in the control and $4.3{\pm}1.92\;min.$ in the histamine treated group with respect to antipyrine. On the other hand in the case of urea they were $2.4{\pm}0.59\;min.$ in the control and $4.4{\pm}1.31\;min.$ in the histamine group, respectively. In the histamine treated group enlarged spaces for distribution of test substances were postulated. 2. The concentration of antipyrine in the brain tissue water revealed no significant differences between the control and experimental groups, showing $212{\pm}40.2\;mg/l$ in the control and $206{\pm}64.1\;mg/l$ in the histamine treated group. On the other hand urea revealed higher value in the histamine treated group than in the control, showing an enhanced penetration of urea into the tissue after injection of histamine. Urea concentration in the brain water was $32.3{\pm}3.36\;mg%$ in the control and $39.2{\pm}4.25\;mg%$ in the histamine treated group. 3. The distribution ratio of antipyrine in the brain tissue was very close to unity in the histamine treated animals as well as in the control. 4. The average of the distribution ratio of urea in the control animals was 0.77 and it showed the presence of blood-brain barrier with regard to urea. However in the histamine treated animals the distribution ratios climbed up to 0.86 and they were closer to unity than in the control animals. Out of 12 cases 5 were greater than 0.9 and 8 exceeded 0.85. It appeared that histamine enhanced the penetration of urea through the barrier. 5. Histamine injection and or hemorrhage caused an elevation of the concentration of potassium in plasma. In the event that histamine and hemorrhage were applied together the elevation of potassium exceed the elevation seen at the histamine alone. There was no evidence that the leakage of potassium from the brain tissue was dominant in comparison with the general leakage from the whole body.