• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1967-1972
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• 2016

This paper defines a distance graph for a hand region in a depth image and proposes an algorithm detecting finger using it. The distance graph is a graph expressing the hand contour with angles and Euclidean distances between the center of palm and the hand contour. Since the distance graph has local maximum at fingertips' position, we can detect finger points and recognize the number of them. The hand contours are always divided into 360 angles and the angles are aligned with the center of the wrist as a starting point. And then the proposed algorithm can well detect fingers without influence of the size and orientation of the hand. Under some limited recognition test conditions, the recognition test's results show that the recognition rate is 100% under 1~3 fingers and 98% under 4~5 fingers and that the failure case can also be recognized by simple conditions to be available to add.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.396-399
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• 2010

Purpose: In hand injury, pedicle is usually damaged by avulsion injury or crushing injury. Because of postoperative pedicle obliteration, it is often hard to save the injured hand and fingers, even after successful replantation. The author introduces three cases of extensive hand injury, and successful results after applicatoin of multiple venous grafts to these patients. Methods: In all cases there was no circulation in any finger. In the first case, some vessels were extracted, so venous graft was applied to two sites of severely damaged venous sites. In the second case, venous grafts were applied to all four digital arteries of all fingers except thumb which got severely crushed, and two sites of dorsal veins. In the third case, venous graft was applied to all four digital arteries of all five fingers, and two sites of dorsal veins and palmar veins each. Results: In all cases, survival of hands and fingers was successful. In the second case, however, amputation in thumb and little finger at DIP joint level was inevitable, because of its severe damage, and the large dorsal defect on index finger was filled with DIEP free flap. Thumb was reconstructed with toe-to-thumb free flap, and additional debulking procedures and contracture release is furtherly needed. In the first case, additional surgery was done, as FDP tendon got re-ruptured, but in long term follow-up, satisfactory range of motion was attained. In the third case, FTSG on dorsal skin region was planned. as flap on dorsal area got partial necrosis. Conclusion: In hand injury, there are many structures to be repaired, but sometimes venous graft is avoided for its long operating time. Even though the length of damaged vessel is enough for anastomosis, the endothelium is often damaged (zone of injury). In extensive hand injury, successful reconstruction would be possible with active venous graft to all vessels suspicious for damage.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.97-104
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• 2008

Objectives : Investigate the effectiveness of an acupuncture at Palsa(BaXie) in hemiparetic patients after stroke. Methods : Acupuncture at Palsa(BaXie) applied to thirty one hemiparetic patients who had been by general treatment after stroke. The other thirty one hemiparetic patients had only general treatment. Outcomes were assessed by Medical research council scale motor grade(MRCSMG) of wrist, grip power, Fugl-Meyer Motor Scale(FMS) of hand, and Motricity Index(MI) of fingers. Results : The patients exhibited substantial improvements on grip power and Fugl-Meyer Motor Scale of hand, but Medical research council scale motor grade of wrist and Motricity Index of fingers have not significantly meaningful differences between sample and control group. Conclusions : Acupuncture at Palsa(BaXie) may be an effective method of improving hand function of hemiparetic patients after stroke.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1100-1108
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• 2015

A camera-based real-time hand posture and gesture recognition system is proposed for controlling various devices inside automobiles. It uses an imaging system composed of a camera with a proper filter and an infrared lighting device to acquire images of hand-motion sequences. Several steps of pre-processing algorithms are applied, followed by a background normalization process before segmenting the hand from the background. The hand posture is determined by first separating the fingers from the main body of the hand and then by finding the relative position of the fingers from the center of the hand. The beginning and ending of the hand motion from the sequence of the acquired images are detected using pre-defined motion rules to start the hand gesture recognition. A set of carefully designed features is computed and extracted from the raw sequence and is fed into a decision tree-like decision rule for determining the hand gesture. Many experiments are performed to verify the system. In this paper, we show the performance results from tests on the 550 sequences of hand motion images collected from five different individuals to cover the variations among many users of the system in a real-time environment. Among them, 539 sequences are correctly recognized, showing a recognition rate of 98%.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.8 s.210
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• pp.115-122
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• 2005

The hand performs functions such as grabbing and other movements. In order to accomplish these movements in various kinds of operational environments, appropriate gloves must be worn to protect your hands. Choosing the appropriate type of glove is very important when wearing gloves in these types of operational environments. The reasons one wears gloves varies depending on age and gender. Unmarried women in their early twenties, for example, occasionally wear gloves for decoration rather than for functional reasons. However, previous studies examined a range of topics, and as such investigations dealing with specific body shape and demands of consumer are needed. Therefore in this study, the hands of unmarried women ranging in age from 20 to 24 were measured and hand shape types were analyzed in order to present basal data which can be used to help design improved glove patterns and produce appropriate, functional gloves. A total of 261 Korean women were measured. Fifty-seven right hand dimensions were measured and five dimensions from both hands were measured. Six factors were identified through factor analysis and those factors constituted $73.259\%$ of total variance. Two clusters of hand shapes were categorized using 6 factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 hand shape is defined as long hands with small width, girth, and thickness, long and thin fingers, and high vertical palm height. Type 2 hand shape is defined as short hands with large width, girth and thickness, short fingers, thick knuckles, and short vertical palm height. The characteristics of type 1 and 2 hand shapes are similar to women's hand type classification results from previous reports, but there was a significant difference in subject distribution by type. Therefore, standard data on hand shapes should be produced by developing measuring instruments and selling more accurate standard measuring points. By doing this it could help in the development of improved glove patterns, and also aid in planning production based on hand type.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.83.1-83
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• 2001

This paper presents a three-fingered robot hand, called the KIST hand, Which have one active joint and one passive joint. The thumb is fixed on the palm, and the index and the middle take lateral motions symmetrically. A mechanical clutch and an embedded force sensor, attached on the distal link of the fingers, enable the KIST hand to perform human-like functions. A result of experiment shows reliable grasping performance of the hand which maintain stable grasp under disturbances.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2004.11c
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• pp.322-324
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• 2004

Up to the present, digital replantation patients has appealed different symptoms due to blood circulatory failure. But, the level of blood circulatory failure has been evaluated only by clinical symptoms, or angiography. According to the cases of digit replantation is increasing, then objective evaluation methods of the level of blood circulation failure is needed other than patient's subjective symptoms and complaints. Although angiography, doppler, electromagnetic flowmeter, laser blood flowmeter, mechanical blood flowmeter has been used for the evaluation of the blood circulatory failure, the result was affected by time, place, surrounding temperature, patient's body temperature, and even emotion. Therefore, it is pointed out with lack of availability, feasibility and reproducibility. Thus, we compared digital blood flow of dominant hand to non dominant hand, and replanted fingers to opposite normal fingers from developed photo-plethysmography. The average digital blood flow showed no difference in normal digits each other, but, replanted digits showed average of 53% (9 - 100 %) compare to opposit normal digits. As it measure relative blood flow for circulatory failure of tissue such as fingers and toes more sensitively, reliably. In conclusion, it is expected that photo- plethysmography will be very useful for diagnosis, curative effect, prognosis of blood circulatory failure in digital replantation patient.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.753-760
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• 2015

Background A number of conditions can alter a person's fingernail configuration. The ratio between fingernail width and length (W/L) is an important aesthetic criterion, and some underlying diseases can alter the size of the fingernail. Fingernail curvature can be altered by systemic disorders or disorders of the fingernail itself. Although the shape and curvature of the fingernail can provide diagnostic clues for various diseases, few studies have precisely characterized normal fingernail configuration. Methods We measured the W/L ratio of the fingernail, transverse fingernail curvature, hand length, hand breadth, and distal interphalangeal joint width in 300 volunteers with healthy fingernails. We also investigated whether age, sex, height, and handedness influenced the fingernail W/L ratio and transverse fingernail curvature. Results In women, fingernail W/L ratios were similar across all five fingers, and were lower than those in men. The highest value of transverse fingernail curvature was found in the thumb, followed by the index, middle, ring, and little fingers. Handedness and aging influenced transverse fingernail curvature, but not the fingernail W/L ratio. Fingernails were flatter on the dominant hand than on the non-dominant hand. The radius of transverse fingernail curvature increased with age, indicating that fingernails tended to flatten with age. Conclusions Our quantitative data on fingernail configuration can be used as a reference range for diagnosing various diseases and deformities of the fingernail, and for performing reconstructive or aesthetic fingernail surgery.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1991.10b
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• pp.1779-1784
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• 1991

The problem of fine manipulation is considered in this paper. By fine manipulation, we mean the positioning of the object relative to the palm as opposed to gross manipulation by the arm. The compliance in the fingers and the object is modeled by linear springs. It is shown that the motion of the fingers and object can be predicted by minimizing a quadratic objective function. A method for simulating position control algorithms is developed.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.219-224
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• 1996

By integrating the wired-glove and the position sensor using the magnetic fields, we developed the system which could measure the functional dimension of the hand and arm of the human. Magnetic position sensor traces the position and orientation of the arm while the wired-glove measures 18 phalangeal joint angles(including abduction between fingers, pitch and yaw of the wiist). The system could be used to monitor and quantify the functional dimension of the hand and arm and also could be used to test the product usability where the hand motion is important. Another important application lies in determining the degree of paralysis.