• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.119-134
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• 1995

To induce an overpopulated melanomacrophage centers(MMCs) within spleen and kidney in tilapias, two methods were applied through the intraperitoneal inoculation of V. anguillarum FKC with a repeated dose of saline(the 1st induction group), and of colloidal carbon (the 2nd induction group). In the 1st group, both number and size of MMCs were slightly increased in spleen and head kidney. However in the 2nd group the two hemopoietic tissues were nearly occupied with quite a large number of MMCs. Regardless of induction groups, many of MMCs were confined within the walls of blood vessels in the spleen. Especially in the 2nd group, the MMCs without fibrous capsules often had concentrically or eccentrically located, thin-walled lumens of vessels, which strongly suggests to be ellipsoids. In head kidney, nearly all MMCs were located within or just around the lymphocytic areas but the precise relationship to blood vessel wall was not obvious. Despite of such overpopulated MMCs, no histopathological degenerative findings in hemopoetic parenchymas of both organs were recognized. To evaluate the effect on defensive function, tilapias of the 2nd group were challenged with E. tarda. Susceptabilities to E. tarda were never increased but rather significantly decreased compared to control. Weekly antibody titres in sera were determined for all induction groups, in which the titres in the 1st and 2nd groups were 4 or 8 times higher than in the control, and then remained high until the 4th week. Also with the hemopoietic function, cellular compositions of peripheral blood were analyzed at weekly intervals but no significant changes resulted. From those results, it is suggested that overcrowding of MMCs would not lead to any morphological as well as functional deteriorations of spleen and head kidney but have an intimate association with enhancement of protective immune system in tilapias.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 2009

The stability of immunoglobulin M (IgM) on different serum storage conditions and specific antibody response were tested using the serum collected from sevenband grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To test the effect of storage temperature and duration, sevenband grouper antiserum against bovine serum albumin (BSA) was stored at -80, -20 or 4${^{\circ}C}$ for 1, 34, 61 or 119 days. In addition, to test the effect of repeated freeze-thawing condition, the anti-BSA fish serum was frozen at -20 and -80${^{\circ}C}$ and then thawn and frozen for 1, 5 or 10 times repeatedly. Consequently, no significant difference was found in ELISA optical density (O.D.) values of sera for the above mentioned storage conditions: different temperatures (-80, -20 and 4${^{\circ}C}$), durations of storage (1, 34, 61 and 119 days), and repeated thaw-freeze cycles (1, 5, and 10 times), indicating that IgMs of test fish were stable. The specific antibody response of sevenband grouper was observed after BSA-immunization of the test fish reared at 20 ${^{\circ}C}$ or 25${^{\circ}C}$. At the rearing temperature of 20${^{\circ}C}$, the specific antibody against BSA first appeared at 14 days and maximum antibody titer was observed between 21 and 28 days, while at the rearing temperature of 25 ${^{\circ}C}$, specific antibody appeared at 7 days and maximum antibody titer was observed between 14 and 21 days. In conclusion, the rearing temperature at 25${^{\circ}C}$ gave a faster and higher specific antibody response than at 20${^{\circ}C}$ and the specific antibody response maintained for approximately 2 months at 20℃ and 25${^{\circ}C}$.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2009

These experiments were conducted to improve the effect of seed disinfection on rice seed severely infected Bakanae disease by seed soaking into mixed solution of prochloraz EC and fludioxonil FS. We investigated the effects of various concentrations of two fungicides mixed solution on spore germination and mycelial growth of Fusarium fujikuroi. Mycelial growth was inhibited 100% at $10{\mu}g$/ml of prochloraz and 33.3% at $80{\mu}g$/ml of fludioxonil. Spore germination was inhibited 81.4% at $40{\mu}g$/ml of prochloraz. Interestingly, mixed solution of $5{\mu}g$/ml or $10{\mu}g$/ml of each fungicide inhibitied 100% of mycelial growoth and 99.2% of spore germination, respectively. Severely infected rice seeds soaked into mixed solution composed of $125{\mu}l$/ml of prochloraz and $50{\mu}l$/ml of fludioxonil showed 2.1% of disease symptoms compared to 20.4% of prochloraz $125{\mu}l$/ml, but higher concentrations of prochloraz decreased the seedling stand rate. When the seed soaking time was longer and temperature was higher, control effect on Bakanae disease was improved, but seedling stand was lower about 80% over $35^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 1986

This study was conducted to determine the effects of 5 years continuous application of compost and rice straw with the different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on physico-chemical properties of paddy soils and yield of rice. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The yield of rice was 7 and 4% higher at straw and compost treatment compared to the non-application of organic matter. The rate of yield response for nitrogen fertilizer was lowered as the amount of nitrogen application increased under the condition of organic matter application. 2. Dry mayer weight and total nitrogen content of rice plants were increased in the order of straw > compost > non-application of organic matter. Above two factors were positive correlations with yield but total nitrogen content was negative correlation with ripening rate. 3. $NH_4-N$ in the soil was higher at plot applicated with compost and straw than non-application. It was positive correlation ($r=0.62^*-0.79^{**}$) with total nitrogen content in rice plants from 15 days after transplanting to heading stage. 4. The physical properties of soil, hardness and infilteration rate, after 5 years experiment, were improved in the order of straw > compost > non-application of organic matter. Organic matter content in the soil was decreased 0.1% on the straw treatment after 4 years, 0.1% on the compost after 3 and 4 years, and 0.1% on the non-application every years.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a GafChromic film applied to stereotactic radiosurgery with a linear accelerator could provide information on the value for acceptance testing and quality control on the absolute dose and relative dose measurements and/or calculation of treatment planning system. Materials and methods: A spherical acrylic phantom, simulating a patient's head, was constructed from three points. The absolute and relative dose distributions could be measured by inserting a GafChromic film into the phantom. We tested the use of a calibrated GafChromic film (MD-55-2, Nuclear Associate, USA) for measuring the optical density. These measurements were achieved by irradiating the films with a dose of 0-112 Gy employing 6 MV photon. To verify the accuracy of the prescribed dose delivery to a target isocenter using a five arc beams (irradiated in 3 Gy per one beam) setup, calculated by the Linapel planning system the absolute dose and relative dose distribution using a GafChromic film were measured. All the irradiated films were digitized with a Lumiscan 75 laser digitizer and processed with the RIT113 film dosimetry system. Results: We verified the linearity of the Optical Density of a MD-55-2 GafChromic film, and measured the depth dose profile of the beam. The absolute dose delivered to the target was close to the prescribed dose of Linapel within an accuracy for the GafChromic film dosimetry (of $\pm$3$\%$), with a measurement uncertainty of $\pm$1 mm for the 50$\~$90$\%$ isodose lines. Conclusion: Our results have shown that the absolute dose and relative dose distribution curves obtained from a GafChromic film can provide information on the value for acceptance. To conclude the GafChromic flim is a convenient and useful dosimetry tool for linac based radiosurgery.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.325-329
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• 2010

The osteogenic potential of hydroxyapatite/poly $\varepsilon$-caprolactone composite (HA/PCL) scaffolds with matrigel was evaluated in a rat calvarial defect model. Calvarial defect formation was surgically created in Sprague Dawley rats (n = 18). HA/PCL scaffold was grafted with matrigel (M-HA/PCL group, n = 6) or without matrigel (HA/PCL group, n = 6). A critical defect group (CD group, n = 6) did not received a graft. Four weeks after surgery, bone formation was evaluated with radiography, micro computed tomography (micro CT) scanning, and histologically. No bone tissue formation was radiographically evident in the CD group. Bone tissue was radiographically evident in the HA/PCL and M-HA/PCL groups, however, there was more bone-similar opacity in the M-HA/PCL group. Micro CT analysis revealed that the bone volume of the M-HA/PCL group was higher than the HA/PCL group, however, no significant difference was found between the HA/PCL and M-HA/PCL groups. Bone mineral density in the M-HA/ PCL group was significantly higher than in the HA/PCL group (p < 0.05). Histologically, new bone was formed only from existing bone in the CD group, showing concavity without bone formation in the defect. In the HA/PCL group, new bone formation was only derived from existing bone, while in the M-HA/PCL group the largest bone formation was observed, with new bone tissue forming at the periphery of existing bone and around the HA/PCL scaffold with matrigel. The results indicate that the combination of HA/PCL scaffold with matrigel may be an effective means of enhancing bone formation in critical-sized bone defects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2012

There is a still unsettled issue about the comparison of long-term clinical effects between sirolimus-(SES) and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES) for the patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Therefore, we performed a retrospective analysis to evaluate the 4-year clinical outcome of SES as compared with PES after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with AMI. From January 2004 to August 2006, all consecutive patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) underwent primary PCI and acute NSTEMI underwent PCI by implantation either SES or PES were enrolled. The occurrence of death, cardiac death, recurrent infarction, target vessel revascularization (TVR) and stent thrombosis were analyzed. The composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE; death, recurrent infarction and TVR) were also analyzed. During the study period, total 668 AMI patients had visited. Of them, total 522 patients (299 with SES and 223 with PES) were enrolled. During 4-year clinical follow-up, there were similar occurrences of death ($18.3{\pm}3.0%$ vs. $14.6{\pm}2.2%$, p=0.26), cardiac death ($11.2{\pm}2.6%$ vs. $6.8{\pm}1.52%$, p=0.39), re-infarction ($6.4{\pm}1.8%$ vs. $3.3{\pm}1.1%$, p=0.31), and stent thrombosis ($5.4{\pm}1.7%$ vs. $3.2{\pm}1.1%$, p=0.53) between the two groups, consecutively. The occurrences of TVR ($10.0{\pm}3.0%$ vs. $4.0{\pm}1.2%$, p=0.008) and MACE ($29.4{\pm}3.5%$ vs. $19.4{\pm}2.5%$, p=0.003) were significantly higher in patients treated with PES than SES. In AMI patients treated with either SES or PES implantation, SES had a significantly lower risk of TVR and MACE during 4-year clinical follow-up. Rates of death, cardiac death or recurrent infarction, and stent thrombosis were similar.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 1998

Purpose: The conventional gamma camera is not ideal for scintimammography because of its large detector size (${\sim}500mm$ in width) causing high cost and low image quality. We are developing a small gamma camera dedicated for breast imaging. Materials and Methods: The small gamma camera system consists of a NaI (T1) crystal ($60 mm{\times}60 mm{\times}6 mm$) coupled with a Hamamatsu R3941 Position Sensitive Photomultiplier Tube (PSPMT), a resister chain circuit, preamplifiers, nuclear instrument modules, an analog to digital converter and a personal computer for control and display. The PSPMT was read out using a standard resistive charge division which multiplexes the 34 cross wire anode channels into 4 signals ($X^+,\;X^-,\;Y^+,\;Y^-$). Those signals were individually amplified by four preamplifiers and then, shaped and amplified by amplifiers. The signals were discriminated ana digitized via triggering signal and used to localize the position of an event by applying the Anger logic. Results: The intrinsic sensitivity of the system was approximately 8,000 counts/sec/${\mu}Ci$. High quality flood and hole mask images were obtained. Breast phantom containing $2{\sim}7 mm$ diameter spheres was successfully imaged with a parallel hole collimator The image displayed accurate size and activity distribution over the imaging field of view Conclusion: We have succesfully developed a small gamma camera using NaI(T1)-PSPMT and nuclear Instrument modules. The small gamma camera developed in this study might improve the diagnostic accuracy of scintimammography by optimally imaging the breast.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.126-134
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• 2001

Several angular sandstone fragments (about 7 cm in longest diameter) occur in two piston cores, obtained from the submarine trough in the northeastern part of Korea Strait. The origin of the sandstone fragments and the paleoenvironment of trough sediment could be suggested from sedimentary facies analysis of cores and identification of ostracod within sandstone fragments. Echo characteristics around two core sites in submarine trough represent the prolonged bottom echoes with diffuse or no subbottom reflectors. The cores consist of a lower bioturbated mud and an upper gravelly sand sediments with sandstone/shell fragments. The bioturbated mud sediments show low water contents (27-44%) and high shear strength (19.2->37 kPa) compared with those of Holocene sediments (60-219% and 1.0-2.7 kPa, respectively) in the inner shelf and continental slope. However, clay contents (48-56%) of the bioturbated mud sediments are similar to those of fluviatile Holocene sediments in the inner shelf. The mean grain size of gravelly sand sediments ranges from 2.3 to 3.0 ${\phi}$ and shows coarsening upward with sandstone/shell fragments. The Holocene palimpsest in the continental shelf are composed of muddy sand sediments or sandy mud sediments (mean grain size: 4.6-7.6 ${\phi}$). Those suggest that two core sediments might be formed from Paleofluvial and paleocoastal deposits during sea-level lowstand. However, sandstone fragments mainly consist of quartz grains and bioclasts, with carbonate matrix, hollow pore, and glauconite. Two extinct ostracod species, Normanicythere sp. and Kotoracythere sp., are recovered in the sand-stone fragments of core EP-7, and they continued to exist from late Pliocene to early Pleistocene in cold water environment of this area. Thus, the sandstone fragments are interpreted to be formed at the paleocoastal environment derived from the Plio-Pleistocene outcrops exposed around the submarine trough during the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) period.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2000

Depths to four seismic sequence boundaries and the thickness of each sequence were estimated and mapped based on multi-channel seismic data in the Ulleung Basin. These depth-structure and isopach maps were incorporated into the interpretation of gravity and magnetic anomaly maps. The sediment thickness ranges from 3,000 m to 4,000 m in the central basin, while it reaches 6,000 m locally along the southwestern, western, and southeastern margins. The acoustic basement forms a northeast-southwest elongated depression deeper than 5000 m, and locally deepens up to 7,500 m in the southwestern and western margins. Low gravity anomalies along the western and southern margins are associated with basement depressions with thick sediment as well as the transitional crust between the continental and oceanic crusts. Higher gravity anomalies, dominant in the central Ulleung basin, broaden from southwest toward northeast, are likely due to the shallow mantle and a dense crust. A pair of magnetic elongations in the southeastern and northwestern margins appear to separate the central Ulleung basin from its margin. These magnetic elongations are largely dominated by intrusive or extrusive volcanics which occurred along the rifted margin of the Ulleung basin formed during the basin opening. The crust in the central Ulleung Basin, surrounded by the magnetic elongations, is possibly oceanic as inferred from the seismic velocity. The oceanic crust can be mapped in the central zone where it widens to 120 km from the southwest toward northeast. Bending of the crustal boundary in the southern part of the Ulleung Basin suggests that the Ulleung Basin has been deformed by a collision of the Phillipine plate into the Japan arc.