• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.625-631
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• 1998

The Halliwick method was developed by Mr. James McMillan, a Canadian engineer of fluid mechanics. In 1949 he started to teach physically handicapped girls to swim at the "Halliwick school for crippled Girls" in London. The Halliwick method has four important basic units, as is shown in Fig 1. This constribution only deals with the structures or the practical part of the method. This part is also known as the 10-point programme. Before the characteristics of the 10 points are dealt with seperately, a few general remarks about these ponits have to be discussed. Of all things happening in the water, fun is the most important one. Swimming is fun! Swimming is taught in an order McMillan describes as: mental Adjustment(M.A), balance restoratiion(B.R.), inhibition(Inh.), and facilitation(Fac.). The 10 points of structure are linked to each other as well as to the learning process as is shown in Fig 3. The Halliwick method, which was devised by James McMillan, has proved to be a very successful way of establishing the basic principles as they have described in this article.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 1999

One of the major purpose of rehabilitation program is for the individual to achieve independence. That means independence from family members, independence from friends, and independence from rehabilitation team. An independent attitude is essential for autonomous functioning. Unless a disabled person is motivated to function independently, he will never do so. 3) Hydrotherapy, HALLIWICK method was applied to SCI patient. Especially, metacentric effect, density, buoyancy and breathing control are very very important theory.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.159-167
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• 2002

The Halliwick concept was developed by James McMillan over 50 years ago, and began as a method for teaching swimming to children with physical disables. After that the Halliwcik concept was developed as a specific strategy(called the Ten-Point Program) for teaching swimming to children with disabilities. Soon after the changes in the physical and emotional behavior were attributed to a unique teaching/learning philosophy and a psycho-sensory-motor learning program that is enhanced by hydrodynamics. Recognizing the therapeutic effects of the Ten-Pont Program adapted the program as a therapeutic intervention called Water Specific Therapy or the Logic Approach to Therapy in Water.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.71-83
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• 2019

Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to analyze to the effects of aquatic exercise programs in children with cerebral palsy and identify directions for future research. Methods: A systematic search based on the PRISMA guidelines was undertaken for studies conducted between 2006 and 2018 on aquatic exercise programs in children with cerebral palsy. A total of 10 studies were selected according to the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality was assessed using the Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Controlled Trials (RoB) and Risk-of-Bias Assessment Tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS). A meta-analysis software (CMA 3.0) was used to calculate the mean effect size, effect size by intervention (Halliwick and Watsu Aquatic methods), and effect size by outcome. Results: The mean effect size was 0.457. The effect size by intervention was largest for the Halliwick method, followed by the Watsu method. The effect size by outcome was largest for range of motion, followed by the gross motor function measure, the Pediatric Berg Balance Scale, and the Modified Ashworth Scale. Meta-regression analysis showed effect size increased when sample size, number of sessions, and length of sessions increased. Conclusion: The results show that aquatic exercise programs have a positive effect on children with cerebral palsy. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a guideline that recommends the appropriate intervention and the identifies the direction of future studies on aquatic exercise programs.