• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1996

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fowl dzopping. saw dust and rice hall on the soil microflora in vitro. The experiment was designed in seven treatments with the various organic materials and they were only soil (control). soil + fowl dropping (S+F), soil+fowl dropping+rice hull (S+F+R) soil+fowl dropping*saw dust (S+F+S). soil+chemical fertilizer (S+C.F), fowl dropping+rice hull (F+R) and fowl dropping+saw dust (F+S). All the samples of treatment were incubated in $28{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ condition and tested the activity of soil microflora for 84 days The activity of fungi, total bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and actinomycetes showed the highest values at, twenty-first day and the spore-forming bacteria was at forty-second day after incubation. The number of fungi and gram-negative bacteria showed the highest values in the treatment of F+S, the spore-forming bacteria and the actinomycetes were in the S+F+S. and the number of total bacteria was in the F+C.F., but in the treatment of F+R. all the microorganism except fungi showed the lowest values in their numbers. The composition ratio of dead bacteria was higher in the treatments of S+F+R and F+R than in those of others as 70% and 40% respectively. Actinomycetes isolated from the treatments of S+F and S+F+S were identified as Streptomyces sp.. Nocardia sp., Micromonospora sp. Actinomadura sp. and Saccharomonospora sp.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2011

The effects of Sm:Ba:Cu composition ratio in SmBCO coated conductor on their superconducting properties were investigated. The SmBCO coated conductors were fabricated by reactive co-evaporation method using EDDC(Evaporation using Drum in Dual Chamber) system. In this system, we could obtain various samples with different composition ratios in a batch by the technique providing composition gradient at deposition zone. From the specimens prepared by EDDC system, we found that composition ratio is uniform parallel to the drum axis, but gradient along the circumferential direction of the drum. We installed a shield having parallelogram open area between the deposition chamber and the evaporation chamber in EDDC system, and attached a 30 cm long template, which is parallel to drum axis, onto the drum surface. In this configuration, we could obtain SmBCO coated conductors having a gradient composition along the length of template. We measured the composition ratios and surface morphologies with periodic interval by SEM and EDAX, and confirmed the profile of composition ratio. We also measured critical current using non-contact Hall probe critical current measurement system and thereby could plot composition ratio vs. critical current. The maximum critical current was obtained, and the surface morphology with the shape of roof tile was observed at the corresponding composition ratio of Sm:Ba:Cu = 1.01:1.99:4.87. It was also found that composition ratio had an effect on not only critical current but also surface morphology.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.115-127
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• 2009

Objectives: To compare alcohol secondhand effects among US and Korean students. Methods: Nationally representative 4-year colleges of two countries were involved in this cross-national comparison study. Data from the 2001 U.S. College Alcohol Study and the 2003 Korean College Alcohol Study came from 120 colleges in 38 U.S. states and the District of Columbia and 60 colleges in Korea. Randomly selected 4-year college students from the U.S. (10,924) and Korea (2,385) participated in the study using self-reports of alcohol use and perceptions of drinking as assessed by College Alcohol Study questionnaires. Results: Korean students were tend to more likely to have being a victim of sexual assault or date rape, having to take care of drunken students and finding vomit in the hall or bathroom of residence, than US students, while US students were tend to more likely to have being insulted or humiliated, having a serious argument and quarrel, being pushed, hit, or assaulted, having study/sleep interrupted, and experiencing an unwanted sexual advance than Korean students. Conclusion: In general, US students were more likely to suffer interrelationship problems after drinking while Korean students were more likely to have physical and individual drinking related problems.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.175-187
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• 2017

In this study, the antioxidant effect and component analysis for extract and fractions of Cardiospermum halicacabum leaf were investigated. All experiments were performed with 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction obtained from dried C. halicacabum leaf. The yields of extract and fractions were 16.4, 0.9 and 0.3% per dried powder, respectively. DPPH (1,1-phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity ($FSC_{50}$) of ethyl acetate fraction ($92.5{\mu}g/mL$) was the greatest radical scavenging activity, but lower than (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($8.9{\mu}g/mL$). In reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity (total antioxidant capacity, $OSC_{50}$) on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}-EDTA/H_2O_2$ system, aglycone fraction ($4.2{\mu}g/mL$) was the highest total antioxidant capacity and similar to L-ascorbic acid ($1.5{\mu}g/mL$). The cellular protective effects of C. halicacabum leaf extract and fractions on the $^1O_2$-induced cellular damage of human erythrocytes were exhibited at all concentration-dependent ($5.0-25.0{\mu}g/mL$). Especially, aglycone fraction (${\tau}_{50}$, 76.4 min) in $25.0{\mu}g/mL$ showed the most protective effect among extracts. Components of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from C. halicacabum extracts were analyzed by TLC, HPLC chromatogram and LC/ESI-MS. Results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction contained some flavonoids, such as apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, apigenin-7-glucosdie and quercitrin hydrate. These results suggest that the extracts and fractions of C. halicacabum leaf may be applied as antioxidant functional cosmetic raw materials.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.323-331
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• 2018

This study was conducted to examine the effects of constructing streetside urban forests on particulate matter (PM) content in pedestrian paths and open spaces created between the main streets and buildings in a high-rise, high-density urban area. The study site is a 70m-wide open space between Busan City Hall and Jungang-street in Busan, Korea. The results showed that the density of PM differences between the open space and the adjacent main street were small in regions without linear trees and shrub rows during both the weekdays and weekend. On the other hand, the areas with linear trees and shrub rows were found to have significantly higher concentrations of PM compared to the roadway. In particular, sections with linear trees and shrub rows had higher PM levels both on roads and in adjacent open space, indicating that the composition of linear trees and shrub rows increased the concentration of PM in the off-street open space in areas with wide space between the roadway and building. The impact was more significant in the open space than the roadway. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that PM generated by vehicles flows through the roadside shrubs by rapid wind flow but does not disperse widely in the pedestrian paths where the wind flow was reduced. In this study, we found that the roadside tree and shrub walls slowed the flow of wind, causing vehicle-emitted PM to accumulate if a wide open space was created between the road and building, resulting in higher concentration of PM in the open space. We confirmed that the distance between the road and building was a critical factor for constructing linear trees and shrub rows to reduce PM generated by vehicle traffic.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.175-191
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• 2011

With the MICE(Meeting, Incentive travel, Convention, Exhibition) industry coming into the spotlight, there has been a growing interest in the domestic exhibition industry. Accordingly, in Korea, various studies of the industry are being conducted to enhance exhibition performance as in the United States or Europe. Some studies are focusing particularly on analyzing visiting patterns of exhibition visitors using intelligent information technology in consideration of the variations in effects of watching exhibitions according to the exhibitory environment or technique, thereby understanding visitors and, furthermore, drawing the correlations between exhibiting businesses and improving exhibition performance. However, previous studies related to booth recommendation systems only discussed the accuracy of recommendation in the aspect of a system rather than determining changes in visitors' behavior or perception by recommendation. A booth recommendation system enables visitors to visit unplanned exhibition booths by recommending visitors suitable ones based on information about visitors' visits. Meanwhile, some visitors may be satisfied with their unplanned visits, while others may consider the recommending process to be cumbersome or obstructive to their free observation. In the latter case, the exhibition is likely to produce worse results compared to when visitors are allowed to freely observe the exhibition. Thus, in order to apply a booth recommendation system to exhibition halls, the factors affecting the performance of the system should be generally examined, and the effects of the system on visitors' unplanned visiting behavior should be carefully studied. As such, this study aims to determine the factors that affect the performance of a booth recommendation system by reviewing theories and literature and to examine the effects of visitors' perceived performance of the system on their satisfaction of unplanned behavior and intention to reuse the system. Toward this end, the unplanned behavior theory was adopted as the theoretical framework. Unplanned behavior can be defined as "behavior that is done by consumers without any prearranged plan". Thus far, consumers' unplanned behavior has been studied in various fields. The field of marketing, in particular, has focused on unplanned purchasing among various types of unplanned behavior, which has been often confused with impulsive purchasing. Nevertheless, the two are different from each other; while impulsive purchasing means strong, continuous urges to purchase things, unplanned purchasing is behavior with purchasing decisions that are made inside a store, not before going into one. In other words, all impulsive purchases are unplanned, but not all unplanned purchases are impulsive. Then why do consumers engage in unplanned behavior? Regarding this question, many scholars have made many suggestions, but there has been a consensus that it is because consumers have enough flexibility to change their plans in the middle instead of developing plans thoroughly. In other words, if unplanned behavior costs much, it will be difficult for consumers to change their prearranged plans. In the case of the exhibition hall examined in this study, visitors learn the programs of the hall and plan which booth to visit in advance. This is because it is practically impossible for visitors to visit all of the various booths that an exhibition operates due to their limited time. Therefore, if the booth recommendation system proposed in this study recommends visitors booths that they may like, they can change their plans and visit the recommended booths. Such visiting behavior can be regarded similarly to consumers' visit to a store or tourists' unplanned behavior in a tourist spot and can be understand in the same context as the recent increase in tourism consumers' unplanned behavior influenced by information devices. Thus, the following research model was established. This research model uses visitors' perceived performance of a booth recommendation system as the parameter, and the factors affecting the performance include trust in the system, exhibition visitors' knowledge levels, expected personalization of the system, and the system's threat to freedom. In addition, the causal relation between visitors' satisfaction of their perceived performance of the system and unplanned behavior and their intention to reuse the system was determined. While doing so, trust in the booth recommendation system consisted of 2nd order factors such as competence, benevolence, and integrity, while the other factors consisted of 1st order factors. In order to verify this model, a booth recommendation system was developed to be tested in 2011 DMC Culture Open, and 101 visitors were empirically studied and analyzed. The results are as follows. First, visitors' trust was the most important factor in the booth recommendation system, and the visitors who used the system perceived its performance as a success based on their trust. Second, visitors' knowledge levels also had significant effects on the performance of the system, which indicates that the performance of a recommendation system requires an advance understanding. In other words, visitors with higher levels of understanding of the exhibition hall learned better the usefulness of the booth recommendation system. Third, expected personalization did not have significant effects, which is a different result from previous studies' results. This is presumably because the booth recommendation system used in this study did not provide enough personalized services. Fourth, the recommendation information provided by the booth recommendation system was not considered to threaten or restrict one's freedom, which means it is valuable in terms of usefulness. Lastly, high performance of the booth recommendation system led to visitors' high satisfaction levels of unplanned behavior and intention to reuse the system. To sum up, in order to analyze the effects of a booth recommendation system on visitors' unplanned visits to a booth, empirical data were examined based on the unplanned behavior theory and, accordingly, useful suggestions for the establishment and design of future booth recommendation systems were made. In the future, further examination should be conducted through elaborate survey questions and survey objects.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.55
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• pp.205-230
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• 2003

This article examines the continuity and change of Korean welfare regime during 1990s. Democracy, globalization and the financial crisis changed the landscape of Korean society as a whole and provided a catalyst for the change of the Korean welfare regime. In order to show how and what changed in Korean welfare regime, this study concentrates on the transformations of income maintenance programmes and social welfare services. The changed aspects are as follow: (1) The ratio of social expenditure to GDP has increased during 1990s and now stood at ten percent level. (2)Rather than backing up the company welfare, government strove to build and expand income maintenance devices for all citizens. (3) The poverty and inequality reduction effects of income maintenance programs are very weak in early 1990s, but they are gradually getting stronger impact on poverty and inequality. But, there are also continuance. (1) In spite of the relative development of income maintenance programs, social welfare services are still poorly designed as before. (2) The expenditure level of social welfare services shows sharp contrast to income maintenance programs and lagged behind the other OECD countries. (3) The expansion of social service sector employment are also not so salient. In 2002, social service employment is only at close to 2.5 per cent of the total employment. Accordingly, korean welfare regime is now characterized by a model which is to curb poverty and inequality by engaging in direct government provision of income maintenance programs, but refrain from expanding social service by relying on net welfare which encourage the provision of services within the family. A implication of our analysis is that the expansion of social welfare Korea saw after 1997 was not really an regime shift. According to the arguments of Peter Hall, first and second order changes in policy do not automatically lead to third order changes which imply regime shift. Policy changes which occurred during 1990s was not accompanied by a shift in policy paradigms. Family dependency in welfare is not yet changed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1984

This study was undertaken to find out the effects of three kinds of potting media and two sources of explants on the survival and early growth of new plantlets of Poputus alba ${\times}$ P. grandidentata in the greenhouse. The results obtained can be summarized as follows; 1) Among three potting media, Terralite was best for early growth and survival of plantlets. 2) Like humidifier, an intermittent misting system can be effective in keeping relative humidity high for the plantlets. 3) Survival rates over 80% could be obtained if humidity was kept high during the hardening period. 4) During hardening period, the plantlets showed the juvenile characteristics such as smaller leaves, thinner stems, and shorter internodes. 5) There were no differences on morphological characteristics between the plantlets originating from axillary buds and the plantlets originating from multiple shoots while they were growing at the greenhouse. 6) The plantlets originating from bud culture grew normally comparing to regular cuttings.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.12
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• pp.77-97
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to analyze how servant service factor of service marketing factors affects to customer's satisfaction, relationship quality, and commitment and consequently to see how these factors affect to revisit intention which is the hotel performance. The empirical results showed that technical factor and customer orientational factor had a significant influence on customer satisfaction and relationship quality, and functional factor affected to only relationship quality. Also customer and relationship quality had a significant influence, and commitment had a significant influence on revisit intention which is a performance factor. Specifically relationship quality built by the interrelationship between the purchasers and the suppliers showed higher influence than customer satisfaction's influence on the commitment. That is, when there is an interaction between trust on the employees and customer satisfaction, there is a greater synergy effect on the commitment. Although the degree of customer satisfaction is low, the commitment can be high with high effort of service providers. This implies that the attitude of service providers is the critical factor on the degree of commitment of service users.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.57-58
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• 2006

The effects of lowering ECAP temperature during ECAP process and Post-ECAP annealing on microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the AZ31 alloys have been investigated in the present study. The as-extruded materials were ECAP processed to 2 passes at 553K prior to subsequent pressing up to 6 passes at 523K or 493K. When this method of lowering ECAP temperature during ECAP was used, the rods could be successfully deformed up to 6 passes without any surface cracking. Grain refinement during ECAP process at 553K might have helped the material to endure further straining at lower deformation temperatures probably by increasing the strain accommodation effect by grain boundary sliding, causing stress relaxation. Texture modification during ECAP has a great influence on the strength of Mg alloys because HCP metals have limited number of slip systems. As slip is most prone to take place on basal planes in Mg at room temperature, the rotation of high fraction of basal planes to the directions favorable for slip as in ECAP decreases the yield stress appreciably. The strength of AZ31 Mg alloys increases with decrease of grain size if the texture is constant though ECAP deformation history is different. A standard positive strength dependence on the grain size for Mg alloys with the similar texture (Fig. 1) supports that the softening of ECAPed Mg alloys (a negative slope) typically observed despite the significant grain refinement is due to the texture modification where the rotation of basal planes occurs towards the orientation for easier slip. It could be predicted that if the original fiber texture is restored after ECAP treatment yielding marked grain refinement, yield stress as high as 500 MPa will be obtained at the grain size of ${\sim}1{\mu}m$. Differential speed rolling (DSR) with a high speed ratio between the upper and lower rolls was applied to alter the microstructure and texture of the AZ31 sheets. Significant grain refinement took place during the rolling owing to introduction of large shear deformation. Grain size as small as $1.4{\mu}m$ could be obtained at 423K after DSR. There was a good correlation between the (0002) pole intensity and tensile elongation. This result indicates that tensile ductility improvement in the asymmetrically rolled AZ31 Mg alloys is closely related to the weakening of basal texture during DSR. Further basal texture weakening occurred during annealing after DSR. According to Hall-Petch relation shown in Fig. 1, the strength of the asymmetrically rolled AZ31 is lower than that of the symmetrically rolled one when compared at the same grain size. This result was attributed to weakening of fiber texture during DSR. The DSRed AZ31, however, shows higher strength than the ECAPed AZ31 where texture has been completely replaced by a new texture associated with high Schmid factors.