• 자원환경지질
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.65-80
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• 1994

The Tertiary $Ch{\check{o}}ngja$ basin is located in the southeastern coastal area of the Korean Peninsula. It is a lozenge shaped fault-bounded basin with circa $5{\times}5km$ areal extent, isolated from other Tertiary basins by the Cretaceous Ulsan Formation in-between. The northwestern boundary of the basin is a domino/listric type normal fault trending $N30^{\circ}E$, whereas its southwestern boundary is a dextral strike-slip fault (trending $N20^{\circ}W$) with a lateral offset of more than 1 km. The basin is bounded by the East Sea on the eastern margin. Basin-fills consist of extrusive volcanic rock (Tangsa Andesites) of Early Miocene (16~22 Ma in radiometric age), unconsolidated fluviatile conglomerate (Kangdong Formation) and shallow brackish-water sandstone ($Sinhy{\check{o}}n$ Formation). The latter yields abundant Vicarya-Anadara molluscan fossils of early Middle Miocene age. The Tertiary strata become younger toward the northwestern boundary-fault of the basin, showing a zonal distribution pattern parallel to the fault: the younger sedimentary formations occupy a narrow zone of 2 km width along the northwestern boundary-fault, whereas the older Tangsa Andesites underlie them unconformably in the eastern and southeastern portions of the basin. The strata in the basin, including the Tangsa Andesites, are tilted (about $20^{\circ}$) toward the northwestern boundary-fault Sedimentary strata thicken toward the boundary-fault, forming a wedge shaped half-graben structure. A number of small-scale syndepositional normal growth faults and graben structures are observed in the sedimentary strata. These extensional structures have the same trend as the normal northwestern boundary-fault which we interpret as a pull-apart detachment fault. These characteristics imply persistent extension during the basin evolution, caused by a NW-SE directed tensional force. The $Ch{\check{o}}ngja$ basin is, thus, a kind of syndepositional tectonic basin evolved in a strike-slip (pull-apart) regime. The latter was caused by a dextral simple shear associated with the NNW-SSE opening of the East Sea. In view of the fact that the normal growth faults do not cut through the uppermost portion of the youngest $Sinhy{\check{o}}n$ Formation, it is inferred that the tensional force came to be inactive in the early Middle Miocene. This is coincident in timing with the termination of the East Sea opening (15 Ma).

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제3권
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• pp.111-140
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• 2002

This study was conducted from April 1 through April 30, 2002 in order to figure out the relationship between physical health status and life style and the factors influencing physical health. Subjects were selected from among the residents older than 20 years old by probability scheme of one out of 2000. Three thousand people were interviewed by questionnaires, and 2,742(91.4%) respondents were used for analysis, and the results are as follows: 1. Ridit(Relatives to an identified distribution it) of category one by sex was 0.26 in man, and 0.25 in woman. Ridit of category two was 0.57 in man and 0.53 in woman, those of category three was 0.72 in man and 0.65 in woman. That of category four was 0.86 in man and 0.85 in woman, that of category five was 0.95 in man and 0.97 in woman, and that of category six was 0.98 in man and 0.99 in woman. The ridits and health related categories by sex were r=.954 in man and r=.966 in woman(p<0.01) 2. Ridits of healthy behavior 2-1. The ridit of males who slept for less than 6 hrs was 0.71, that of those who slept for $7{\sim}8$ hrs was 0.24, and that of those who slept for more than 9 hours was 0.96. The ridit of females who slept for less than 6 was 0.80, that of those who slept for $7{\sim}8$ hrs was 0.32, and that of those who slept for more than 9 hrs was 0.97. 2-2. The ridit of male, who ate breakfast everyday was 0.30, that of those who ate one to four breakfast per week was 0.87, and that of those who never ate breakfasts was 0.96. The ridit of females who ate breakfast everyday was 0.32, that of those who ate breakfast one to four times a week was 0.75, and that of those who never ate breakfast was 0.99. 2-3. The ridit of males whose body weights were 10% lower than normal body weight was 0.45, that of those with $5{\sim}9.9%$ less than normal body weight was 0.28, that of those with ${\pm}4.9%$ of normal body weight was 0.12, that of those whose body weights were $5{\sim}9.9%$ heavier than normal was 0.40, that of those whose body weights were $10{\sim}19.9%$ heavier than normal was 0.74, that of those with $20{\sim}29.9%$ heavier than normal body weights was 0.78 and that of those with 30% heavier than normal body weight was 0.87. That of females with 10% less than normal body weight was 0.53, that of those with $5{\sim}99%$ less than normal body weight was 0.32, that of 4.9% those with ${\pm}f$ normal body weight was 0.14, that of those with 5.0 to 9.9% heavier body weights was 0.43, that of those with 10 to 19.9% heavier body weight was 0.65, that of those with $20{\sim}29.9%$ heavier body weight was 0.94 and that of those with more than 30% of normal body weight was 0.94. 2-4. The ridit of males who exercised everyday was 0.11, that of those who exercised three to four times a week was 0.25, that of those exercising once or twice a week was 0.48, and that of those who never exercised was 0.80. The ridit of females exercising everyday was 0.08, that of those exercising three to four times a week was 0.21, that of those exercising one to two times was 0.35 and that of those who never exercised was 0.72. 2-5. The ridit of males who did not drink at all was 0.14, that of those who drank one or two cups of hard liquor(Soju) was 0.39, that of those who drank a half bottle of Soju was 0.56, that of those who darnk a bottle of Soju was 0.73 and that of those who drank two bottles of Soju was 0.96. The ridit of females who did not drink at all was 0.30, that of those who drank one or two cups of Soju was 0.70, that of those who drank a half bottle of Soju was 0.84, that of those who drank a bottle of Soju was 0.97 and that of those who drank more than two bottles of Soju was 0.99. 2-6 The ridit of males who did not smoke was 0.20, that of those who smoked one or two cigarettes was 0.44, that of those who smoked about ten cigarettes was 0.58, and that of those who smoked more than a pack of cigarettes was 0.85. The ridit of females who did not smoke at all was 0.90, that of those who smokes one or two cigarettes was 0.91, that of those who smoked about the cigarettes was 0.93 and that of those who smoked more than a pack of cigarettes was 0.96 3. The ridit of males who had healthy behavior in six categories was 0.43 and the average age of them was 45, that of those who had healthy behavior in five categories was 0.47 and the average age was 45, that of those who had healthy behavior in three categories was 0.50 and the average age was 43, that of those who had heathy behavior in two categories was 0.60 and the average age was 40, that of those who had healthy behavior in one category was 0.68 and the average age was 38, and that of those who did not have healthy behavior at all in six categories was 0.79 and the average age was 41. The ridit of females who had heathy behavior in six categories was 0.38 and the average age was 45, that of those who had healthy behavior in five categories was 0.40 and the average age was 44, that of those who had healthy behavior in four categories was 0.46 and the average age was 43, that of those who had healthy behavior in three categories was 0.52 and the average age was 44, that of those who had healthy behavior in two categories was 0.57 and the average age was 41, that of those who the healthy behavior in one category was 0.62 and the average age was 40, and that those who did not have healthy behavior in six categories was 0.79 and the average age was 43. 4. The health statues of the persons who the healthy behavior were better than those who did not have healthy behavior. If the people have healthy behavior in young age and they have healthy education continuously, they can live healthier lives.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.225-233
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• 2004

목적: 유방의 방사선조사 시 결손조직을 보상하고 방사선 균질선량 분포를 얻기 위해 통상적으로 physical wedge를 사용하여 왔다. Physical wedge 사용 시 주변의 폐, 심장, 반대편 유방, 피부에 조사되는 방사선량의 증가에 따른 급성, 만성 부작용의 증가가 문제시 된다. 본 연구에서는 일반적인 Physical wedge와 virtual wedge를 비교하여 동측 유방, 반대편 유방, 폐, 심장, 주변연부조직에 미치는 선량분포의 개선점을 알아보고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법: Solid water phantom을 이용하여 Dmax와 10 cm 깊이에서 physical wedge와 virtual wedge 사용시 조사야 주변선량을 비교하였다 Humanoid Phantom (Anderson Rando Phantom)을 사용하여 Lt. breast의 tangential Irradiation 시 physical wedge와 virtual wedge 사용에 따른 동측 유방선량과 피부선량, 반대편 유방선량과 반대편 유방의 피부선량, 주변 연부조직선량, 동측 폐선량 및 심장에 조사되는 선량을 TLD를 이용하여 비교하였으며 Helax 5.0 RTP system을 이용한 compute planning으로 선량분포 및 관심부의 DVH를 비교하였다. 이때 virtual wedge와 physical wedge의 사용에 따른 총조사 시간을 측정하였다 또한 7명의 유방암 환자에서 virtual wedge, physical wedge 사용에 따른 동측 유방 피부선량, 반대편 유방 피부선량, 조사야에서 1.5 cm 떨어진 주변 선량을 측정하여 비교하였다. 결과: Virtual wedge는 15$^{\circ}$, 30$^{\circ}C$, 45$^{\circ}C$, 50$^{\circ}C$ 모두에서 physical wedge에 비해 주변선량이 감소하였으며 방사선조사 시간을 53$\~$55$\%$ 감소시켜 유용한 결과를 나타냈다. 15$^{\circ}C$, 30$^{\circ}C$ wedge를 사용한 Humanoid Phantom의 TLD 측정에서도 virtual wedge에서 반대편 유방선량은 1.35$\%$, 2.55$\%$ 감소하였고, 반대편 유방 피부선량은 0.87$\%$, 1.9$\%$ 감소하였다 또한 동측 폐선량은 2.7$\%$, 5.0$\%$, 심장선량은 0.95$\%$, 2.5$\%$ 감소하였다. 또한 조사야 경계부위의 선량은 1.8$\%$, 2.33$\%$ 감소하였으며 동측 유방의 피부선량은 2.4$\%$, 4.58$\%$ 증가하였다. Helax 5.0 RTP system을 이용한 DVH analysis에서 동측 유방내 선량균질정도는 physical wedge와 virtual wedge에서 차이 없이 유사하였다 결론: 유방암치료에서 virtual wedge는 통상 사용하는 physical wedge에 비하여 주변 연부조직선량, 반대편 유방선량, 동측 페선량 및 심장선량을 감소시켜 급, 만성 방사선 부작용의 위험을 감소시킬 수 있는 임상적으로 매우 유용한 방법이며 또한 방사선조사시간을 단축시킴으로써 선형가속기의 부하를 줄일 수 있다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.313-322
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• 2018

The present study is dedicated to investigate the SH body-as well as Love-waves propagation effects in porous media with uncertain porosity and permeability. A unified formulation of the governing equations for one-dimensional (1-D) wave propagation in anisotropic porous layered media is presented deterministically. The uncertainties around the above two cited parameters are taken into account by random fields with the help of Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS). Random samples of the porosity and the permeability are generated according to the normal and lognormal distribution functions, respectively, with a mean value and a coefficient of variation for each one of the two parameters. After performing several thousands of samples, the mathematical expectation (mean) of the solution of the wave propagation equations in terms of amplification functions for SH waves and in terms of dispersion equation for Love-waves are obtained. The limits of the Love wave velocity in a porous soil layer overlaying a homogeneous half-space are obtained where it is found that random variations of porosity change the zeros of the wave equation. Also, the increase of uncertainties in the porosity (high coefficient of variation) decreases the mean amplification function amplitudes and shifts the fundamental frequencies. However, no effects are observed on both Love wave dispersion and amplification function for random variations of permeability. Lastly, the present approach is applied to a case study in the Adapazari town basin so that to estimate ground motion accelerations lacked in the fast-growing during the main shock of the damaging 1999 Kocaeli earthquake.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.222-228
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• 2010

Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the infants. The benefits of breastfeeding practices to infants and mothers are well documented. However, information on breastfeeding practices and its effect on body mass index (BMI) of mothers are scarce, particularly in Ekiti State of Nigeria. Therefore, the present study is designed to assess breastfeeding practices and its association with BMI of mothers. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted among breastfeeding mothers that attended postnatal clinic of the state specialist hospitals and maternity centers in the study location. The specialist hospital and two-third of the nine maternity centers were purposively selected because of their health facilities and personnel. The mother-child pairs (200 respondents) were randomly selected from the study locations. Information on demographic characteristic, socio-economic parameters, nutritional knowledge of breastfeeding and dietary intakes of mothers were collected using questionnaires. BMI of mothers was determined as described by World Health Organization. Age distribution of mothers was between 25-34 years; and almost half of respondents had good educational background and were engaged in different occupations. The respondent monthly income ranged between = N = 3500 - 26000 ($26.92 - $200); and their dietary intakes varied between starchy and protein-based food. The result also showed that the respondent consumed enough nutrients to meet up the recommended daily allowance for protein, carbohydrate, fat, zinc, magnesium, sodium and phosphorous requirements. The BMI classifications showed that over three-fifth of respondents were normal, while the remaining were underweight (6%) and overweight/obese (26.5%). Also, large proportion of respondents engaged in exclusive breastfeeding and with good knowledge of breastfeeding practices. Statistically, exclusive breastfeeding practices had no correlation between the BMI and frequency of breastfeeding. The study, therefore, concluded that mothers had good knowledge of breastfeeding practice; and that there was no association between breastfeeding practices and BMI.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.304-311
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• 2002

절리의 기하학적 특성이 절리의 수직변형 및 투수성에 미치는 영향에 대해 수치해석적 방법을 통해 연구하였다. 실험적 계측 결과에 의하면, 절리의 간극은 통계적 방법에 의해 묘사되며 이에 근거하여 수치해석에 사용할 수 있는 절리를 모사할 수 있었다. 이를 위해. 자동 상관관계 함수를 이용하여 다양한 공간 상관길이의 인공 절리를 발생하였으며, 이를 토대로 수직변천 모델 및 수리해석 모델을 개발하였다. 수직변형 모델은 수직응력에 의한 절리면의 압축과 변형을 고려하여 절리의 변형거동을 해석하려 시도하였으며, cubic law에 근거한 유한차분법을 이용하여 수리해석을 수행하였다. 여러 가지 공간 상관길이의 인공 절리에 대한 수직변형 거동 및 이에 따른 수리해석의 결과, 간극의 공간 상관길이가 증가함에 따라 절리의 수직변형 및 투수성 감소가 분명하였다. 절리의 수직강성 역시 간극의 상관길이에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 이로 인해 절리의 투수성이 수직강성과 내재적 관계가 있음을 유추할 수 있겠다. 본 연구 결과는 공학적 프로젝트로 인한 절리 암반의 수리-역학적 거동을 이해하는데 공헌할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.401-413
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• 2010

This study analyzed the kinds and frequencies of descriptors in 154 articles in ERIC data base on the 4th day of January in 2010. The titles of the articles includes the words, 'scientific literacy'. As each descriptor is constituted of two words and over, in this study the first word in the descriptor was defined as 'restrictive word' and the rest word(s) as 'target word(s)'. The results are as follows. First, the descriptors which show high frequencies of target words are the traditionally important themes of scientific literacy education. Target words which show relatively high frequency are 'education', 'literacy', 'instruction' and 'countries'. Low frequency word is 'curriculum', which has various restrictive words and represents wide differentiation. Second, among the descriptors which show low frequencies of target words, relatively high frequency descriptors are '(and)society', 'change', 'secondary education', 'concepts', and 'biology', which have been given more attention in scientific literacy research than the rest descriptors. Third, the number of the descriptors that shows largely distributed pattern A, which happens over 15 years continuously, is over the half of all analyzed descriptors, which shows that they have been the major objectives in researches about scientific literacy. Most descriptors of pattern A shows normal distribution of frequency or the trends of increasing frequency as the time is nearer. Fourth, The descriptors are divided into four groups according to the time span. Each research trends are as follows. In later 80s, the research which emphasizes the importance of the sociality and technology in all level school science curriculum. In later 90s the research for educational change of inquiry-centered science curriculum which considers technological literacy in social contexts. In earlier 2000s the research that scientists and science teachers develop science curricula mostly related to scientific principles and thinking in chemistry and biology especially. In later 2000s case studies which relates teaching methods and science process activities to students' attitudes, scientific concepts and curricula.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1984

The geophysical implications of the observed heat flow in the Korean Peninsula are examined. The Peninsula can be devided into two typical regions of high (Zone 1) and normal heat flows (Zone 2), and anomalous sharp change of heat flow between two zones is noteworthy. Zone 1 (southeastern coast of the Peninsula) to be connected to the East Sea (=Japan Sea) of high heat flow region corresponds with the region of late-Mesozoic to Tertiary igneous activity. With the radioactive elements concentrated in the crust, the observed heat flow in Zone 2 can be almostly explained. While, only a half of the heat flow in Zone 1 is explained. As a possible explanation of high heat flow in Zone 1, partial melting in the lower crust is examined. The temperature of $800-900^{\circ}C$ calculated at the bottom of the crust excludes the possibility of partial melting or magma generation in the crust. Alternatively, a remaining thermal effect of late-Mesozoic to Tertiary igneous activity is considered. However, it appears that the thermal effect already disappeared and that the vertical temperature distribution reached at steady state 30 MY ago (= 10 MY after the igneous activities came to an end). After all, the existence of some other effective heat transfer in Zone 1 is strongly suggested. The high heat flow to be same kind of anomalous one of the East Sea can be recognized as a result of the trench-back-arc thermal flux. The plate subduction in the Japan Trench will generate an induced flow above the slab of the East Sea, a typical back-arc basin, and hence the induced flow will heat the surrounding lithosphere.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 1984

고역알루미늄합금의 파괴특성에 미치는 시효열처리의 영향에 대하여 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 현미경 조직의 관찰결과 $190^{\circ}C,$ 12hr로 시효열처리한 것이 시효강화된 양호한 조직과 미세한 석출분포를 나타내고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 2. 계단식시효열처리에 의하여 정상시효열처리보다 시효시간을 반정도로 단축시킬 수 있었고, 이들 조직도 유사하였다. 3. 인장파단면의 SEM 전자현미경 사진관찰결과는 $190^{\circ}C,$ 12hr으로 시효열처리한 것은 딤플형 입계 및 입내연성파괴를 나타내나, 이를 제외한 대부분은 시효열처리 시간과 온도에는 관계없이 입계연성파괴인 것이 관찰되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.25-28
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to describe recent patterns in the types of statistical test used in original articles that were published in Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six original articles published in the Journal in 2015 and 2016 were ascertained. The type of statistical test was identified by one researcher. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency, rank, and proportion, were calculated. Graphical statistics, such as a histogram, were constructed to reveal the overall utilization pattern of statistical test types. Results: Twenty-two types of statistical test were used. Statistical test type was not reported in four original articles and classified as unclear in 5%. The four most frequently used statistical tests constituted 47% of the total tests and these were the chi-square test, Student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test in descending order. Regression models, such as the Cox proportional hazard model and multiple logistic regression to adjust for potential confounding variables, were used in only 6% of the studies. Normality tests, including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene test, Shapiro-Wilk test, and $Scheff{\acute{e}}^{\prime}s$ test, were used diversely but in only 10% of the studies. Conclusion: A total of 22 statistical tests were identified, with four tests occupying almost half of the results. Adoption of a nonparametric test is recommended when the status of normality is vague. Adjustment for confounding variables should be pursued using a multiple regression model when the number of potential confounding variables is numerous.