• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.111-131
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• 1998

1. In oriental medicine, the case of sinusitis can be explained, not only external invasion such as PUNG HAN(wind-cold), PUNG YUL(wind-hot), SHUP YUL(damp-heat), but also functional disorder of internal organ such as spleen(脾), lung(肺), kidney(腎) The western medicine classified the cause of sinusitis as two factors. That is bacterial infection factor-Haemophilus influenza, streptococcus pyogeues, streptococcus pneumonia- and viral infection factor-Rhinovirus, parainfluenza, Echo28, Coxsacki21, Sinusitis is complicated to allergic rhinitis, chronic otitis media purulent, chronic tonsilitis, sinubronchitis. On the condition of nasal septum deformity, turbinates deformity, nasal septum deviation, sinusitis can be developed. the predisposing factors of sinusitis is swimming, air pollution, malnutrition, shortage of immunity.2. According to survey, sinusitis occurred that children from 4 to 12 years old and from 5 to 7 years old occupied 70% 3. From the past history data, they experienced chronic tonsillar hypertropy(20%), otitis media, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, chronic sore throat, urticaria, milk allergy in sequence. 4. the symptoms of sinusitis is nasal obstruction, postnasal dripping, purulunt(yellow)or white discharge, cough, nose bleeding in sequence. nasal obstruction take the portion of 95%, postnasal dripping 65%, night time or early morning cough 60%. 5. The suffering period of sinusitis is 6 month minimum, 4 years maximum, most cases are included in a year. The suffering period of children was shorter than adult. 6. Diagnosis depend on inspection of nasal cavity, postnasal dripping, X-ray finding. 75% of patient(15case) showed both maxillary sinusitis, 25%(5cases) showed left or right maxillary sinusitis. 7. Treatment of oriental medicine, consist of Herb-medicine, acupuncture and exposing of Lazer beam. Kamihyunggyeyungyotang(加味荊芥蓮翹湯) is administered mainly as the medical therapy, Kamigwaghyangjeungkisan(加味藿香正氣散) Kimizwakwieum(加味左歸飮), Kamihyangsosan(加味香蘇散) is administered for a additional symptoms which occurred by influenza recurrence. Kamijeonxibackchulsan(加味錢氏白朮散) is administered to treat gastro-intestine trouble patients who have sinusitis. 8. The period of treatment is varied with patient conditions and X-ray finding. The minimal period is 35days, maximal period is 202days. So it took about 86days in average and about 50% of patient(10cases) is recovered in one or two month.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.576-584
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• 2017

Objective: To generate recombinant Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) engineered for expression of porcine ${\beta}-defensin-2$ (pBD-2) and cecropin P1 (CP1) fusion antimicrobial peptide and investigate their anti-bacterial activity in vitro and their growth-promoting and disease resisting activity in vivo. Methods: The pBD-2 and CP1 fused gene was synthesized using the main codons of B. subtilis and inserted into plasmid pMK4 vector to construct their expression vector. The fusion peptide-expressing B. subtilis was constructed by transformation with the vector. The expressed fusion peptide was detected with Western blot. The antimicrobial activity of the expressed fusion peptide and the recovered pBD-2 and CP1 by enterokinase digestion in vitro was analyzed by the bacterial growth-inhibitory activity assay. To analyze the engineered B. subtilis on growth promotion and disease resistance, the weaned piglets were fed with basic diet supplemented with the recombinant B. subtilis. Then the piglets were challenged by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The weight gain and diarrhea incidence of piglets were measured after challenge. Results: The recombinant B. subtilis engineered for expression of pBD-2/CP1 fusion peptide was successfully constructed using the main codons of the B. subtilis. Both expressed pBD-2/CP1 fusion peptide and their individual peptides recovered from parental fusion peptide by enterokinase digestion possessed the antimicrobial activities to a variety of the bacteria, including gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Haemophilus parasuis) and grampositive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Supplementing the engineered B. subtilis to the pig feed could significantly promote the piglet growth and reduced diarrhea incidence of the piglets. Conclusion: The generated B. subtilis strain can efficiently express pBD-2/CP1 fusion antimicrobial peptide, the recovered pBD-2 and CP1 peptides possess potent antimicrobial activities to a variety of bacterial species in vitro. Supplementation of the engineered B. subtilis in pig feed obviously promote piglet growth and resistance to the colibacillosis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.347-356
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and cross-protection of serovar 12 against serovar 4 or 5 of H parasuis with M+$Parapac^{(R)}$. A total of 141 piglets from 2(A and B) farms were used and divided into experimental group and control group in each farm. Farm A has been detected H parasuis serovar 12, whereas farm B has been detected H parasuis serovar 4 or 5 from post-weaned pigs with PMWS. The piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly with 2.0ml of M+$Parapac^{(R)}$ in experimental group or normal saline in control group at 1 week of age. A same booster dose was given at 3 weeks of age. In order to value the antibody titer to H parasuis using by tube agglutination test, blood samples were collected from piglets at the aged of 1 week, 6 and 14 weeks. In experimental group and control group, the average antibody titers were $32.5{\pm}21.0,\;114.5{\pm}34.0,\;98.1{\pm}55.4$ and $32.9{\pm}18.6,\;25.8{\pm}36.9,\; 746.7{\pm}1,215.8$ at the aged of 1 week, 6 and 14 weeks, respectively. The cumulative clinical sign indexes by standard guideline of Schering-Plough Animal Health Corp were 486 and 1,069, respectively. The average daily gains and feed conversion rates were $0.553{\pm}0.016kg$ and $0.492{\pm}0.004kg$, and 1.99 and 2.24, respectively. The average gross lesion scores were $1.0{\pm}0.8$ and $1.9{\pm}0.6$, respectively. According to these results, the M+$Parapac^{(R)}$ containing H parasuis serovar 12 may be induce circulating antibodies that cross-react with serovar 4 or 5 and have a protection of PMWS with H parasuis.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.441-446
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• 1986

Previous studies have demonstrated that phagocytosis of encapsulated bacteria needs the opsonization of bacteria with immunoglobulin and complement. Several investigators have studied the role of specific antibody to the bacteria. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of specific anti-Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4($A{\alpha}Y4$) antibody, which was obtained from the immunized rabbit serum for phagocytosis of $A{\alpha}Y4$ by PMNL. For this study, specific and nonspecific IgG were separated from the sera of the rabbits and PMNL were isolated from 15 healthy adults. By an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the results showed that the binding capacity of anti-$A{\alpha}Y4$ IgG to $A{\alpha}Y4$ was much higher than that of nonspecific IgG; 0.75 and 0.14(O.D. at 400nm), respectively. The oxygen consumption of PMNL, phagocytizing $A{\alpha}Y4$ which was opsonized with specific $A{\alpha}Y4$ IgG(37.13 nmol/min/$1{\times}10^7$ PMNL), was significantly higher than that with nonspecific IgG(27.95 nmol/min/$1{\times}10^7$ PMNL, p<0.01). In immunofluorescence microscopic examination, the difference between the numbers of the ingested $A{\alpha}Y4$ opsonized with specific anti-$A{\alpha}Y4$ IgG and nonspecific IgG reached to statistically significant level; $184{\pm}11.4$ and $133.2{\pm}8.3$ per 100 PMNL, p<0.05. These results suggest that specific anti-$A{\alpha}Y4$ IgG has a significant role in PMNL phagocytosis of encapsulated $A{\alpha}Y4$ and also it can be available to adopt this system to develop anti-capsular antibody to $A{\alpha}Y4$ for enhancing and emphasizing the phagocytic activity against this bacterium.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate association with gross lesions and causative pathogens of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) including porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH), Pasteurella multocida (PM), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Haemophilus parasuis (HP) in slaughtered pigs. A total of 1,200 lung samples were collected randomly from slaughtered pigs in Korea during August of 2010 through July of 2011. The gross lesions were classified according to the six stages (0, 1~10, 11~20, 21~30, 31~40 and ${\geq}41$, unit=%) and 48 samples from each stage were selected to detect viral and bacterial pathogens. The results according to the six stages were 100 (8.3%), 259 (21.6%), 326 (27.2%), 213 (17.8%), 144 (12.0%) and 158 (13.2%) cases, respectively. Prevalence of pneumonia according to season was 87.0~96.7% and the highest prevalence was in spring. In detection of pathogens by PCR, 53 samples were not detected any causative pathogens of PRDC. PCV2, PRRSV, SIV, MH, PM, APP serotype 2, APP serotype 5 and HP were positive in 45.5%, 12.5%, 10.4%, 60.1%, 1.7%, 13.9%, 12.2% and 15.6%, respectively. In co-infection, PCV2-MH was the most detected causative pathogens of PRDC. The detection rate of PCV2 and PRRSV was the highest in spring, of SIV, MH and HP was in winter. The detection rate of APP-2 and APP-5 had no seasonal prevalence. The more severe gross lesions increased, the higher the detection rate showed.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2012

Purpose : As the number of children who attend child care centers has increased, concerns has increased about the effect of child day care on childhood illness. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between experience in child care and common infectious diseases in children under 5 years of age. Methods : Data were collected by surveying 1,000 respondents with children under age 5 through online interviews using a structured questionnaire. The contents of the survey were composed of demographic characteristics, child care facilities usage, experience in infectious diseases, and immunization status Results : Among the 1,000 children <5 years of age, 78.5% attended a child care facility. Rates of common communicable illnesses were higher in children in child care than for children reared exclusively at home. The predominant communicable diseases which the respondents' children experienced, in order of decreasing frequency, were gastroenteritis (47.1%), otitis media (41.8%) and pneumonia (19.1%). The immunization rate of vaccines that are not included the national immunization program (NIP) (Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine - 76.6%, hepatitis A vaccine - 63.3%, pneumococcal vaccine - 59.4%, rotavirus vaccine - 43.1%) was lower than that of the NIP vaccines (90.4%) Conclusion : Children in child care experience more bouts of common infectious disease, so nationwide policies to prevent or to control the spread of infectious agents in a child-care should be available and appropriate immunization should be emphasized as the most effective method for the control of infectious disease for children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.1193-1200
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• 2005

Purpose : Invasive bacterial infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Previously, we reported etiology of invasive infections in healthy children in 1985-1995. This study was performed to update etiology of invasive bacterial infections in the previously healthy children. Methods : We reviewed medical records of 98 episodes of invasive bacterial infections in immunocompetent children at the Seoul National University Children's Hospital in 1996-2004. Results : The frequent pathogens identified over all age groups were Streptococcus pneumoniae (33%) and Staphylococcus aureus(33%). The proportion of Salmonella species and Haemophilus influenzae has been declined to 4% each from 23% and 14%, respectively, compared to previous study. S. agalactiae was the most common isolate in the infants ${\leq}3$ months. Among the infants and children aged 3 months to 2 years and children of 2-5 years, S. pneumoniae(57%, 52%, respectively, in each group) was the most common isolates followed by S. aureus(17% and 24%, respectively). S. aureus was the most common isolates(73%) in children >5 years. Primary bacteremia was the most common clinical diagnosis(27%). S. pneumoniae was responsible for 42% of primary bacteremia, 50% of meningitis, and 69% of bacteremic pneumonia and empyema. S. aureus accounted for 80% of bone and joint infections. The case fatality rate was 8.1% for all invasive infections. Conclusion : We reviewed frequency of bacterial agents of invasive infections in children. The data may be useful for pediatricians to select adequate empirical antibiotics in the management of invasive bacterial infections.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2015

Purpose: The long-term administration of antibiotics interferes with bacterial culture in the middle ear fluids (MEFs) of young children with otitis media with effusion (OME). The purpose of this study is to determine whether molecular diagnostics can be used for rapid and direct detection of the bacterial pathogen in culture-negative MEFs. Methods: The specificity and sensitivity of both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to the lytA gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae were comparatively tested and then applied for pneumococcal detection in the clinical MEFs. Results: The detection limit of the PCR assay was approximately $10^4$ colony forming units (CFU), whereas that of LAMP was less than 10 CFU for the detection of S. pneumoniae. Both PCR and LAMP did not amplify nucleic acid at over $10^6$ CFU of H. influenzae or M. catarrhalis, both of which were irrelevant bacterial species. Of 22 culture-negative MEFs from children with OME, LAMP positivity was found in twelve MEFs (54.5%, 12/22), only three of which were PCR-positive (25%, 3/12). Our results showed that the ability of LAMP to detect pneumococcal DNA is over four times higher than that of PCR (P<0.01). Conclusions: As a high-resolution tool able to detect nucleic acid levels equivalent to <10 CFU of S. pneumoniae in MEFs without any cross-reaction with other pathogens, lytA -specific LAMP may be applied for diagnosing pneumococcus infection in OME as well as evaluating the impact of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against OME.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.716-722
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• 2005

Purpose : A full view of the spectrum of all bacterial diseases in healthy children is essential to the establishment of public health priorities. Accurate information on the relative importance of the various pathogens in terms of the age of the affected patients, the site of infection and the case fatality rate are valuable to the clinician in choosing antimicrobial treatments. Methods : Fifty-nine episodes of bacteremia were analysed. Data were collected at Ilsan Paik Hospital from January 2000 to December 2003. Analysis of each collected episode included isolating pathogen from blood culture, diagnosis, hospital course, isolating pathogens from other tissue sites, and studying results of antimicrobial sensitivity tests. Results : Fifty-nine cases of community-acquired bacteremia were reviewed. The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus(11 cases, 18.6 percent), followed by Salmonella(10 cases, 16.9 percent), E. coli(7 cases, 11.9 percent), Streptococcus pneumoniae(five cases, 8.5 percent), Streptococcus viridans(5 cases 8.5 percent). The most common diagnosis was bacteremia without an indentified focus(61 percent), followed by meningitis(12 percent), bacteremia with enteritis(10.2 percent) and bacteremia with urinary tract infection(8.5 percent). Salmonella was still an important causative agent of bacteremia. The relative importance of Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae was lower than in other studies. The most common organism responsible for bacteremia without an identified focus was Staphylococcus aureus. The case-fatality was 3.4 percent for all cases of bacteremia. Conclusion : We reviewed the etiology of community-acquired bacteremia. These data may be useful in the establishment of public health priorities and serve as a reference for selection of antibiotics in the empirical therapy of suspected invasive bacterial infection.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2003

Purpose : Bacterial meningitis is a serious infection of childhood associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. Repeated cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) examination is a useful prognostic indicator and a delayed sterilization is associated with a higher incidence of neurologic abnormalities. In this study we tried to determine the prognostic value of repeated CSF latex agglutination testing. Methods : We retrospectively evaluated 19 patients admitted to Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital for bacterial meningitis from January 1997 to June 2002. Bacterial meningitis was confirmed by a positive CSF culture and a positive CSF latex agglutination test. Repeated CSF examinations were done at three, seven, 14, 21 and 28 days after antibiotics therapy. Neuroradiologic studies were performed. Results : The mean age was $10.6{\pm}12.3months$(range; two to 33 months). The male to female ratio was 2.8 : 1. The causative organisms were Haemophilus influenzae type b 57.9%, Group B Streptococcus 21.1%, Streptococcus pneumoniae 15.7% and Escherichia coli 5.3%. Three days after the initiation of antibiotics therapy, repeated CSF latex agglutination tests persisted as positive in nine (47.4%) out of 19 cases, but all CSF cultures became negative. In those cases with negative latex agglutination tests three days after antibiotics therapy, neuroradiologic findings were completely normal. But, in cases with positive latex agglutination tests three days after antibiotics therapy, neuroradiologic abnormalities such as cerebral infarction, encephalomalasia occurred in 44.4%. Conclusion : Repeated CSF latex agglutination testing was valuable as a prognostic factor in bacterial meningitis. Neuroradiologic abnormalities may occur in cases with delayed clearance of CSF latex agglutination tests more often than in cases with negative latex agglutination tests three days after antibiotics therapy.