• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.699-710
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise on lung function, blood vitamin D, calcium and bone metabolism hormones in elderly women who are over 65 years by dividing them into a combined exercise group(n=13), control group(n=17). The combined exercise program included 60-minutes sessions 3times each week. Aerobic exercise intensity was 40-50%HRR(RPE 12-13) for 1-4 week, 50-60%HRR(RPE 13-14) for 5-8 week, and 60-70%HRR(RPE 14-15) for 9-12 week and resistance exercise intensity was set at OMNI-RES 3-4 for 1-4 week, OMNI-RES 5-6 for 5-8 week, OMNI-RES 7-8 for 9-12 week. As a result, lung function indicated that FEV₁ showed an interaction effect between group and time and FVC/FEV₁ levels significantly increased in combined exercise group. Blood vitamin D showed an interaction effect between group and time, also, significantly increased in combined exercise group and control group. Calcium showed an interaction effect between group and time, and significantly decreased in control group. Bone metabolism hormones indicated that both calcitonin and osteocalcin showed an interaction effect between group and time, osteocalcin significantly decreased in control group. For the following this conclusion, elderly women can be improved their lung function through 12 weeks combined exercise and also mitigate the blood vitamin D but there was no meaningful results of calcium and bone metabolism hormones.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.951-962
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of smart machine circulation exercise on body composition, lung function, blood lipid and insulin resistance in obesity middle-aged women among 40-60 years by dividing them into a smart machine circulation exercise group(n=8), and control group(n=6). The smart machine circulation exercise program included 55-minutes sessions thrice each week at the following intensities: The strength of aerobic exercise is applied to smart machines by linking the smart machine with the POLAR T31; the 1-4 week is 40-50%HRR, 5-8 week is 50-60%HRR, and 9-10 week is 60-70%HRR. The strength of the resistance exercise was tested using a smart machine based on the constant velocity motion, and then, using the 1-RM data value, applied 40% 1-RM for 1-4 weeks, 60% 1-RM for 5-8 weeks, and 80% 1-RM for 9-10 week. As a results, body composition indicated that weight, BMI, %BF, WHR had a significant interaction effect. Lung function indicated that FVC levels significantly changes in the exercise group and the between groups difference in changes at 10week was significant. Also, FVC and FEV₁ significantly showed interaction effect. TC, TG and HDL-C levels significantly changes in smart machine circulation exercise group and the between-group difference in changes after 10 weeks was significant. TC, TG and HDL-C significantly showed interaction effect. Insulin resistance demonstrated that Insulin, Glucose and HOMA-IR levels significantly showed difference over 10 weeks between group. Therefore, the 10 weeks smart machine circulation exercise positively effects on the body composition, lung function, blood lipids, and insulin resistance in obesity middle-aged women and this smart machine circulation exercise can improve their obesity and prevent obesity.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.30-37
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• 2018

This study is an analysis of combustion characteristics of synthetic insulation materials such as houses and warehouses. Using combustion cone calorimeter and SEM, the researching has experimented combustion characteristics of four kinds of materials such as flame retardant styrofoam, general styrofoam, urethane and gypsum board. And analyzed. As a result of the test, the ignition time (TTI) for the thermal insulation material was found at 27 s~43 s, and the flame retardant styrofoam was ignited at the lowest TTI at 27 s and disappears at 28 s. In addition, the maximum heat release rate (peak HRR) and average heat release rate (mean HRR) of each material were expressed in the following order: urethane> flame retardant styrofoam> styrofoam> gypsum board. Also, the total smoke release ($m^2/m^2$) was the largest at $30.798m^2/m^2$ in flame-retardant styrofoam. The general CO concentration of styrofoam was 0.275 kg/kg and the emission concentration was 12.807 kg/kg. The residues showed the highest 0.029 g in the gypsum board among the above materials.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.159-169
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• 2002

The improvement of flame retardancy of the foams based on NBR/GTR compounds was conducted by formulating various materials i.e. NBR, GTR, inorganic and phosphorus containing flame retardants, foaming agent, cross-linking agent and activator. The foaming properties, morphology, smoke density and flame retardancy of the specimens were investigated using SEM, LOI tester, smoke density control system and cone calorimeter. The phosphorus containing flame retardant reduces heat release rate, increases the limiting oxygen index and a char formation. The inorganic flame retardant increases the limiting oxygen index and reduces heat release rate with an increased CO yield by char formation, and smoke suppressing effect. The formed char seemed to intercept the oxygen transport and heat transfer into the core area. When the composition ratios of the compounds of NBR/GTR were $100{\sim}80/0{\sim}20 wt.%$, and the ratios of the rubbers/flame retardants were $1/1.55{\sim}3.60 wt.%$, we could developed foams with low heat release rate, high limiting oxygen index($28.0{\sim}39.3$), closed or semi-closed cell of uniformity and reasonable expandability($225{\sim}250 %$).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1278-1283
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12-week aerobic exercise training on cardiac QT intervals and cardiovascular risk profiles in type 1 diabetic children. Eleven type 1 diabetic children aged 9-17 years took part in this study as subject. The participants performed aerobic exercise training three times a week for total 12 weeks. The intensity of the training was adjusted at HRR 45% until three weeks and at HRR 55% since four weeks. After a 12-week aerobic exercise training systolic (p<0.05) and diastolic (p<0.05) blood pressure of the subjects was decreased. There was significant decrease in cardiac QT intervals (p<0.05), TC level (p<0.05), and HDL-C level (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of this study suggest that long-term regular physical activity of type 1 diabetic children considered exercise intensity and frequency may effect and play a important role in the prevention of diabetic complications and cardiovascular health care.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2020

As performance-based design (PBD) has a direct impact on evacuation safety assessments, designing fire scenarios based on real fire tests is essential. To improve the reliability of the PBD for fire safety in multiplexes, information on fire behavior, such as heat release rate (HRR) and fire spread rate, are provided in this study by conducting a standard fabric flammability test. To this end, several chairs were arranged in a pattern that resembled a theater-style seating. The peak HRR and heating value per unit mass for each chair ranged from 415 kW to 988 kW and 15.2 MJ/kg to 23.8 MJ/kg, respectively. The heating values per unit mass of the new and old chairs were 23.6 MJ/kg and 16.7 MJ/kg, respectively. As the quantity of plastic and cushioning materials in the new chairs was more than that of the old ones, the new chairs were more vulnerable to fire hazards. Furthermore, when the chairs were arranged in a line, the fire spread rate was observed to be 0.39-0.42 m/min, regardless of the ignition location. Finally, a fire growth curve showing the peak HRR and fire spread rate was also demonstrated.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2016

This research was to investigate the effect of fatigue reduction and heart rate recovery (HRR) according to whole body vibration (WBV). 20 healthy participants were recruited and divided into vibration group (VG) and none vibration group (NVG). VG was group with provided vibration and NVG was group without vibration. They exercised slope gait with 8.5 degree and 4km/h during 30min. They rested on the chair type vibrator during 30min. The vibration consists of 10hz as frequency and 5mm as amplitude. We measured the lactate in the blood and HRR before, immediately after exercise and after rest session. The results showed that lactate level in VG the more decreased at 95.2%. The result of HRR was similar including recovery at 50.67% in VG. The WBV with stimulated vessel in muscle assisted the recovery function by reducing the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) quickly and improving blood circulation. The rest with WBV could provide efficient cool-down exercise for elderly and women without other physical activities after exercise.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.329-336
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• 2015

In this study, Pilates mat exercise program three times a week for 8 weeks, 10 minutes for a warm up, 40 minutes of main exercise, and 10-minute cool down exercise using gadgetry to the middle aged women. Pilates exercise program when exercise intensity based on the instructions of the ACSM (2010) as 1-4 weeks 50-60% HRR, 5-8 weeks 61-70% HRR to give 50-70%, maintaining the strength of 4 weeks. Pilates exercise program by gadgetry has increased the strength of wireless heart rate meter (Polar Analyzer, Polar Electro of Finland) Karvonen (1979), proceed individual target heart exercise obtained as a way now to check your strength workout through individual conciousness. We estimated immunoglobulin change for Pilates mat exercise by gadgetry during 8-week. It showed the following conclusions. First, immunoglobulin IgA has been increased and Interaction effects has been showed thruough Pilates mat exercise programs for 8 weeks. Second, immunoglobulin IgG has been increased and showed Interaction effects has been showed thruough Pilates mat exercise programs for 8 weeks. Third, immunoglobulin IgM has been increased and showed Interaction has been showed effects thruough Pilates mat exercise programs for 8 weeks. Therefore, this study was conducted on a Pilates mat exercise using props immune function are positive hormonal changes, can prevent private for the disease and effective exercises that are the fodder.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2018

In a closed-compartment with various configurations, the correlation that can predict the maximum heat release rate (HRR) with the changes in internal volume and fire growth rate was investigated numerically. The volume of the compartment was controlled by varying the length ratio based on the bottom surface shape of the ISO 9705 fire room, where the ceiling height was fixed to 2.4 m. As a main result, the effect of a change in ceiling height on the maximum HRR was examined by a comparison with a previous study that considered the change in ceiling height. In addition, a more generalized correlation equation was proposed that could predict the maximum HRR in closed-compartments regardless of the changes in ceiling height. This correlation had an average error of 7% and a maximum error of 19% for various fire growth rates when compared with the numerical results. Finally, the applicability of the proposed correlation to representative fire compartments applied to the domestic performance-based design (PBD) was examined. These results are expected to provide useful information on predicting the maximum HRR caused by flashover in closed-compartments as well as the input information required in a fire simulation.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.311-320
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• 2012

The higher-order asymptotic C(t) - $A_2(t)$ approach was employed to investigate the crack-tip stress of two collinear cracks in a power-law creeping material under the plane strain conditions. A comprehensive calculation was made of the single crack, collinear crack model with S/a = 0.4 and 0.8, by using the C(t) - $A_2(t)$ approach, HRR-type field and the finite element analysis; the latter two methods were used to check the constraint significance and the calculation accuracy of the C(t) - $A_2(t)$ approach, respectively. With increasing the creep time, the constraint $A_2$ was exponentially increased in the small-scale creep stage, while no discernible dependency of the constraint $A_2$ on the creep time was found at the extensive creep state. In addition, the creep time and the mechanical loads have no distinct influence on accuracy of the results obtained from the higher-order asymptotic C(t) - $A_2(t)$ approach. In comparison with the HRR-type field, the higher-order asymptotic C(t) - $A_2(t)$ solution matches well with the finite element results for the collinear crack model.