• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2006

Quality characteristics of Cheongbukjangs with $1\~3\%$ desalted and dried sea tangle powder were investigated after fermentation for 48 hr at $40^{\circ}C$. Addition of sea tangle, irrespective of concentration, did not affect pH and slime content of Cheongbukjang. Color L* and a* values were generally decreased with increasing sea tangle concentration. There were no significant differences in total microbe, amino nitrogen content, and protease and amylase activity between control and Cheongbukjangs with up to $2\%$ sea tangle. However, addition of $3\%$ sea tangle resulted in decreased total microbe, amino nitrogen content, and enzyme activity compared with those of control. Fiber content increased with increasing sea tangle concentration and hardness increased by 1.5 times at $2\%$ sea tangle and by 2.6 times at $3\%$ sea tangle compared with that of control. Results for sensory evaluation revealed that addition of $2\%$ sea tangle was the optimum concentration in view of reducing bitter taste and odor, and improving overall acceptability.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2015

This study was performed to optimize the preparation of frozen lotus roots. Prior to freezing, an optimal blanching condition at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 min was established, based on the microbial growth, texture, total phenolic content (TPC), and sensory evaluation results. The blanched samples were then frozen under various freezing conditions ($-20^{\circ}C$ in a freezer for 2 hr, $-70^{\circ}C$ in a gas nitrogen convection chamber for 7 min, and $-196^{\circ}C$ in liquid nitrogen for 20 sec), and their qualities after thawing were determined. The scanning electron microscopic analysis indicated that the microstructure of the sample frozen at $-70^{\circ}C$ was similar to that of the control sample, compared with the other freezing conditions (-20 and $-196^{\circ}C$). The antioxidant activities of the frozen samples decreased compared to those of the control, but there was no significant (p<0.05) difference among the treatments. In terms of TPC, the samples frozen at -70 and $-196^{\circ}C$ had significantly (p<0.05) higher values than the sample frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$. In addition, the drip loss of the sample frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ was higher than those of the other frozen samples. These results suggest that freezing at $-70^{\circ}C$ in a gas nitrogen convection chamber can be an optimal freezing method of producing high-quality frozen lotus roots.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2008

The effects of hydrocooling and packaging type on the quality attributes of fresh-cut crown daisies (Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum) were investigated by examining weight loss, respiration, vitamin C content, total chlorophyll content, microbial load, and sensory properties during storage at 4 and 10$^{\circ}C$. Fresh crown daisies were trimmed and washed with cold water (1 and 5$^{\circ}C$) as well as tap water (10$^{\circ}C$) 3 times each for 30 sec. They were then packaged in PP (polypropylene) film bags or PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) trays, and stored for 9 days at 4 and 10$^{\circ}C$, respectively. In general, weight loss was reduced as a result of the washing and packaging. The respiration rate increased slowly during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$, and the vitamin C and total chlorophyll contents of the crown daisies packaged in PETE trays decreased gradually during storage. Finally, the treatments consisting of hydrocooling and then packaging in PETE trays resulted in approximately 1-2 log CFU/g reductions in microbial load.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of several cooling methods such as water hose cooling, mist, fog and control on growth and microclimate, and to develop a simple nutriculture bed for production of fresh leaves of narrowhead goldenaray 'Ligularia stenocephala'. When the root-zone was cooled with 240 L/hr flow rate of $13^{\circ}C$ ground water using water hose, the temperature was lowered approximately by 2 to $3^{\circ}C$ than that of control. The growth of narrowhead goldenaray were favorable in the water hose cooling compared with the other cooling methods. Nutrient culture system having part cooling effect around plant canopy was developed. The system was composed of 15 cm diameter of water hose on side wall of beds, cooling hose, and expanded rice hull media as organic substrate. When cool water which the temperature changed in the range of 14 to $22^{\circ}C$ diurnally with 240 L/hr of flow rate through water hose, the air temperature around canopy and root-zone temperature were dropped by $0.5^{\circ}C$ and $3^{\circ}C$ compared with that of conventional styrofoam bed, respectively. These results showed that newly devised bed system using water hose was simple and economical for the production of high quality narrowhead goldenaray leaves. This system might be practically used both at summer and winter season for the cultivation of narrow head goldenaray by part cooling or heating around root-zone and plant canopy.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.74-84
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• 2004

Purpose: Since I-125 emits low energy (27-35 keV) radiation, thinner crystal and collimator could be employed and, hence, it is favorable to obtain high quality images. The purpose of this study was to derive the optimized parameters of I-125 SPECT using a new simulation tool, GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission). Materials and Methods: To validate the simulation method, gamma camera developed by Weisenberger et al. was modeled. Nal(T1) plate crystal was used and its thickness was determined by calculating detection efficiency. Spatial resolution and sensitivity curves were estimated by changing variable parameters for parallel-hole and pinhole collimator. Peformances of I-125 SPECT equipped with the optimal collimator were also estimated. Results: in the validation study, simulations were found to agree well with experimental measurements in spatial resolution (4%) and sensitivity (3%). In order to acquire 98% gamma ray detection efficiency, Nal(T1) thickness was determined to be 1 mm. Hole diameter (mm), length (mm) and shape were chosen to be 0.2:5:square and 0.5:10:hexagonal for high resolution (HR) and general purpose (GP) parallel-hole collimator, respectively. Hole diameter, channel height and acceptance angle of pinhole (PH) collimator were determined to be 0.25 mm, 0.1 mm and 90 degree. The spatial resolutions of reconstructed image of the I-125 SPECT employing HR:GP:PH were 1.2:1.7:0.8 mm. The sensitivities of HR:GP:PH were 39.7:71.9:5.5 cps/MBq. Conclusion: The optimal crystal and collimator parameters for I-125 Imaging were derived by simulation using GATE. The results indicate that excellent resolution and sensitivity imaging is feasible using I-125 SPECT.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.719-726
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• 2009

One of the alternative runoff management measures is on-site runoff mitigation, such as rainwater retention tank and infiltration facilities especially the latter that is possible to manage simultaneously runoff quality and quantity as a perspective of water-cycle. This study was conducted to develop a particle separator, inclined-pipe settling system, that could improve particle removal efficiency of road runoff as a pre-treatment device of stormwater infiltration. Solid particles larger than $100{\mu}m$ are separated by simple sedimentation; however, the significant amount of pollutants with a diameter less than $100{\mu}m$ remain in suspension. Without any treatment in that case of the runoff into infiltrate, groundwater would be deteriorated and also infiltration rate would be decreased by clogging. Therefore, we suggest optimal design parameters (inclined angle, pipe length, and surface loading rate) of inclined-pipe settling system which can be designed to effectively remove particles diameter smaller then $70{\mu}m$. Thus, the results showed TSS removal efficiency more than 80% with a particle diameter between $20{\mu}m$ and $70{\mu}m$, 100% above particle diameter $70{\mu}m$ for the inflow rate $0.018 m^3/m^2{\cdot}hr$ with pipe inclined at angle $15^{\circ}$.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.343-348
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• 2009

This study sought to determine changes in self-selected diets in response to a high energy tomato pasta entree. Thirty men, mostly African-American, who were diagnosed with prostate cancer and also scheduled for prostatectomy were enrolled in the study. Dietary intakes were obtained by 24 hr diet recall for 3 days before the intervention and 3 days in week 2 during the intervention. Tomato pasta entrees were formulated to contain 30 mg of lycopene with roughly the same macronutrient composition and averaged 771 kcal/entree. Mean adherence to lycopene dose was 82% and, days when the entree was consumed, the mean adherence to lycopen was 90%. Lycopene intake in their self-selected diet decreased from 5 to 1 mg/day which lowered the exposure to lycopene, planned during the intervention. The men were able to decompensate for most of the added energy to their diet, but there was still a mean increase in total intake of 242 kcal/day (p=0.04), which did not result in weight gain over the short period of the study. There were no significant changes in the percent of energy from protein, fat or carbohydrates, but dietary cholesterol increased from 341 to 472 mg/day (p=0.0002). Mean intakes of vitamins A and C, and folate were not significantly different and were above the EAR. Vitamin E intake decreased, but, because of the variance in intake, the decrease was not statistically significant. Possible deterioration of diet quality should be a consideration when recommending whole food interventions for the prevention of chronic disease or the amelioration of physiological dysfunction.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of custom nutrition education on dietary intakes and clinical parameters in patients diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. A total of 34 patients visited the anemia clinic of Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital. Among these, only 16 patients were available for follow-ups. A follow-up was conducted by a clinical dietitian 2 months from the first nutrition education session. Patients were all women. For custom nutrition education, we investigated anthropometric data, dietary assessment (24 hr-recall, FFQ), and self-recognized anemic symptoms. Weight did not show a significant difference but hemoglobin, hematocrit (P<0.01), serum iron, and serum ferritin (P<0.05) were significantly increased after the nutrition education. Serum total iron binding capacity was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Self-recognized symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue (P<0.001), shortness of breath, headache (P<0.01), brittle nails, and sore tongue (P<0.05) were significantly improved. Daily intakes of protein (P<0.05), total iron (P<0.01), and animal iron (P<0.001) were significantly increased. A significantly negative correlation was observed between current serum iron and the intake of carbohydrates, fat, or phosphorus (P<0.05). But current serum ferritin showed a significantly positive correlation with the frequency of intake of meat, poultry, and fish. It could be concluded that the custom nutrition education might be effective on quality of diet as well as iron status and it might also improve the clinical parameters in patients diagnosed with the iron deficiency anemia.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2011

The potential factors for quality loss of cleaned fresh ginseng and technology to be associated with the improvement of marketability through pre-packaging fumigation were examined. Major microorganisms isolated from fresh ginseng included Botrytis cinerea, and Erwinia sp. Others such as Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium spp., Pennicilium spp., Bacillus spp. were also found at relatively low frequency. The bacterial density of vacuum packaged fresh ginseng rapidly increased during simulated marketing. Little correlation between bacterial growth and package swelling was found. In order to improve packaging method of fresh ginseng, pre-packaging treatment of 2-phenylethyl alcohol (PE, 100 uL/L, 4 hr) was examined. The fumigation treatment effectively inhibited the growth of bacteria density and also effective on keeping firmness of ginseng root, especially in cortical portion. The internal gas compositions of plastic container packaged for ginseng were approximately ranged between 6 to 8% $O_2$and 3 to 4% $CO_2$. The $O_2$ level of fumigation treatment was lower than control whereas $CO_2$ level was higher. The upsurge of ethylene evolution I day after simulated marketing was found only in fumigation treatment but it returned to ordinary level at day 2. The sucrose content of 2-PE treatment was significantly reduced at 5 days after simulated marketing but reducing sugars like glucose and fructose remained at higher level. The difference in sugar levels was reduced after 10 days of simulated marketing. The decay of fresh ginseng began at the lateral or fine root, which is weak to physical damage, in general. The epidermis was more damaged. Plastic container packaging with PE fumigation could be an alternative to vacuum packaging, which allows an aerobic environment and prevents anaerobic respiration. Further study of pre-package fumigation is required to improve technology of fresh ginseng marketing.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

In this research, 50 nm thick AlN thin films were deposited on the patterned sapphire (0001) substrate by using HVPE (Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy) system and then epitaxial layer structure was grown by MOCVD (metal organic chemical vapor deposition). The surface morphology of the AlN buffer layer film was observed by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and AFM (atomic force microscope), and then the crystal structure of GaN films of the epitaxial layer structure was investigated by HR-XRC (high resolution X-ray rocking curve). The XRD peak intensity of GaN thin film of epitaxial layer structure deposited on AlN buffer layer film and sapphire substrate was rather higher in case of that on PSS than normal sapphire substrate. In AFM surface image, the epitaxial layer structure formed on AlN buffer layer showed rather low pit density and less defect density. In the optical output power, the epitaxial layer structure formed on AlN buffer layer showed very high intensity compared to that of the epitaxial layer structure without AlN thin film.