• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.135-137
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• 2009

Mathematical models for describing the Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) infection can be devised to better understand how the HIV causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS). The HIV models can then be used to find clues to curing AIDS from a control theoretical point of view. Some models take Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes(CTL) response to HIV infection into account, and others consider mutants against the drugs. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no model developed, which describes CTL response and mutant HIV together. Hence we propose a unified model to consider both of these. On the basis of the resulting model, we also present a Model Predictive Control(MPC) scheme to find an optimal treatment strategy. The optimization is performed under the assumption that the Structured Treatment Interruption(STI) policy is employed.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 2000

The objective of this study is to find the most effective educational method on Sex and AIDS/HIV among young people in Korea. The number of people with HIV amounts to 1,224 as of Sep. 2000, and is increasing continuously, especially among young people(National Institute of Health, 2000). In setting up the policy of health education on Sex and AIDS, the criteria should be the effectiveness. By two-stage cluster sampling, 4,713 students were selected from among the 19,093 students from 44 middle and high schools and divided into three groups and taken the education with three different methods( 〈lecture with slides show〉, 〈lecture without any material〉 and 〈lecture through broadcasting system〉) by the same lecturer with the same contents for about 50 minutes. To compare the effects of education by methods, the tests on the AIDS knowledge, AIDS attitude on AIDS and Sexuality attitudes with self-administered questionnaire were implemented three times, that is, ‘before’, ‘right after’ and ‘2 weeks later’ of the education. As to the degrees of change of AIDS knowledge, AIDS attitudes, Sexuality attitudes and subjective evaluation of the education, 〈lecture with slides show〉 was the most effective, 〈lecture without any material〉 was the second and 〈lecture through broadcasting system〉 was the least effective, respectively. In the cost-effectiveness analysis using the results of this study, 〈lecture with slides show〉 turned out to be the most effective, and 〈lecture through broadcasting system〉 was the second and 〈lecture without any material〉 was least effective. From these results, it is suggested that 〈lecture with slides show〉 is more effective health educational methods on Sex and AIDS than 〈lecture without any material〉 or 〈lecture through broadcasting system〉.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.544-554
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was designed to describe the burnout experiences of nurses counseling people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in hospital-based counseling services in Korea. Methods: A qualitative research technique with focus group interviews was used and the data were collected in 2012. Participants were 13 counseling nurses from 16 medical hospitals in South Korea who had worked full-time for more than six months as a counseling nurse for PLWHA. The 13 nurses made up 68.4% of all 19 official HIV counseling nurses in South Korea. Data were collected using focus group interviews and analyzed with the content analysis methodology of Downe-Wamboldt. Results: Burnout experience of counseling nurses for PLWHA was analyzed for two domains-causes of, and effects of burnout. Each domain was classified into three categories; personal, job-related, and relationships. Further 17 sub-categories and 47 concepts were discovered. Conclusion: In this study various causes and effects of burnout experienced by nurses counseling PLWHA were identified. These findings can be used in developing effective strategies for nurses, administrators, and health policy makers to solve the burnout of counseling nurses. Further research is required to develop detailed and practical job description for nurses counseling PLWHA.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1477-1482
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• 2004

Purpose. With the continuous spread of the AIDS virus and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) throughout Asia, it has become imperative for HIV/AIDS prevention outreach programs to stress the need for using prophylactics as one form of protection. This is particularly true for commercial sex workers. This pilot study was conducted to investigate the rate of condom use among the commercial sex workers in Korea and reasons why they frequently do not wear condoms during sexual intercourse. Methods. Fifty female commercial sex workers who worked in the Yong San area were recruited while outreach was performed and forty eight responses were analyzed due to two incomplete questionnaires. The data were collected on June 28, 2004 as part of an outreach program for condom use promotion. Results. The subjects ranged in age from 21 to 45 years. Nearly half of the subjects ($47.9\%$) did not consistently use condoms. The major reason for not using protection was clients' reluctances for using condoms. When condoms were used, the subjects preferred lubricant-rich and less painful condom during intercourse. Conclusion. Due to the inconsistent use of condoms, it is clear that many commercial sex workers and clients are susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, it is important to not only educate commercial sex workers, but also to educate their pimps and clientele about the importance of condom use. In general, it is recommended that practical strategies and a policy for condom use promotion be developed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.3363-3368
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• 2013

Background: The burden due to cancers is an emerging public health concern especially in resource-limited countries like Nigeria. The WHO estimates that cancer kills more people than tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria combined. As people in Nigeria and other developing countries are beginning to survive infectious diseases, there is an observed epidemiologic transition to chronic diseases, such as cancers. In 2008, 75 out of 1,000 Nigerians died of cancer. Despite the rising incidence and public health importance, Nigeria lacks an organized and comprehensive strategy to deal with cancers. Materials and Methods: This article reviewed 30 peer-reviewed manuscripts on cancer care in four countries. It highlights the limitations to cancer care in Nigeria; due to lack of awareness, low health literacy, absence of organized screening programs, inadequate manpower (in terms of quality and quantity) as well as limited treatment options. Results: This review led to the formulation of a proposal for Nigerian National Cancer Policy, mainly drawn from effective strategies used in Canada, Brazil and Kenya. This is a vertical cancer program that is patient-centered with an emphasis on tobacco control and cancer disease screening (similar to Canada and Brazil). Additionally, it emphasizes primary cancer prevention (similar to Kenya). Its horizontal integration with other disease programs like HIV/AIDS will improve affordability in a poor resourced country like Nigeria. Capacity building for health professionals, hub-and-spoke implementation of screening services, as well as investment in effective treatment options and increased research in cancer care are essential. International 'twinning collaborations' between institutions in richer countries and Nigeria will enhance effective knowledge translation and improve the quality of patient care. Conclusions: A national cancer policy must be developed and implemented in Nigeria in order to overcome the present limitations which help contribute to the observed increases in cancer morbidity and mortality rates. Cancer control is feasible in Nigeria if the nation was to consider and employ some of the cost-effective strategies proposed here.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.457-467
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• 2003

Purpose: This study examined the development and performance of the school health promotion policy guideline that is applicable to Korean school health. Methods: 1. The WHO's guideline was translated into Korean and modified by school health experts 2. A questionnaire was conducted to assess the performance of school health policy on 207 nurses in elementary schools in Seoul and Cheonbuk. Result: The Korean version of the school health promotion policy guidelines were developed including 9 components and 36 checkpoints. Compared to that of WHO, the component 'school nursing teacher' was added and three components were eliminated: 'equitable access to school resources', 'control of helminth', and 'sun protection policy'. The performance degree of first-aid, closure of school in a calamity, and control of HIV/AIDS was very low. The performance degree of a healthy diet, and regular physical examination was quite high. This study was the first that developed the school health promotion policy guideline and examined the performance. Further research is needed to validate the guidelines developed by this study.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.579-589
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• 2002

Since the inception of the National Tuberculosis Control Program in 1962, the incidence of tuberculosis and its associated mortality has declined dramatically due to effective anti-tuberculosis drugs and a systematic control program. The prevalence of radiographically active tuberculosis has fallen from 5.1% in 1965 to 1.0% in 1995. However, tuberculosis is still a major problem, as the mortality rate is still higher compared to other developed countries. Furthermore, tuberculosis is currently re-emerging in HIV/AIDS epidemic countries. In order to lower the tuberculosis death rate to the levels of developed countries, the tuberculosis control efforts in private healthcare institutions and the national tuberculosis control program in the public sector, need to work together more effectively and efficiently. In this paper, the quthor reviewed the current situation regarding tuberculosis management in private healthcare institutions of Korea based on the literature and the National Health Insurance Claim data, and the future tasks of tuberculosis management are suggested.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.64-86
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• 2010

Korea has had problems with the price and supply of essential drugs such as Gleevec for leukemia, Fuzeon for HIV/AIDS, and Tamiflu for both avian flu and swine flu. The shortage or refusal of patented drugs supply is imposing a heavy burden in not only developing countries but also developed countries. Thinking over the serious results, we need to concern about the limited access to patented drugs by multinational drug companies' patent monopoly especially for pandemic and life threatening diseases. The effective response regarding to pandemic and life threatening diseases. The effective response regarding to pandemic situation requests collaborative and unbiased provisions of all countries in the world, however, sometimes patent monopoly may hinder the efforts. Compulsory licensing has been considered to be a useful alternative to the abuse of patent rights. However, the Korean experiences of compulsory licensing have left some controversial issues in connection with the availability of it in Korea. 'Flexibility' allowed in TRIPS and Doha Declaration has not come into effect in Korea for several reasons. Although the situation shows the limitations of compulsory licensing as a pharmaceutical supply policy, it is clear that compulsory licensing still has the possibilities of enhancing the access to medicines of all countries in need. Through searching the institutionalization process and experiments of compulsory licensing in Korea, this article explores the possibilities and the limits.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.211-254
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• 2014

Malawi's agricultural extension system has been subjected to a number of criticisms in recent times for failing to contribute significantly to agricultural development and for not responding to the needs of the smallholder farmers. Despite this, extension is still seen as key to improving poverty and rural livelihoods.There is a number of challenges facing extension that require a response from the public sector and other stakeholders. A clear and positive response to these challenges will help shape the future of agricultural extension in Malawi for the benefit of all farmers and the attainment of the broad policy objectives of government: democratization, market liberalization, decentralization, HIV/AIDS crisis, shrinking public sector resources, public sector reform, and co-ordination, etc. The mission is to provide pluralistic demand driven extensions services and promote equalisation and co-ordination in service provision in order to achieve food security at household level, there-by reducing poverty. On the other hand the vision is that 'All farmers' demand and access high quality extension services from those best able to provide them'. DAES implements its extension policy through the District Agricultural Extension Services System (DAESS), based on Model Village Approach.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.67-76
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was intended to provide the base of developing countries' Health Partnership Strategy by investigating the Paraguay's awareness level of health and analyzing the actual state. Methods: The data was collected from 11 government employees, 20 hospital staffs, 26 local residents on Asunci$\acute{o} $n, Paraguay in February, 2012. The method of the study was the questionnaires consisting of 62 questions including 7 questions of general features, 3 questions of awareness on maternal health care, child health care, planned parenthood program, 52 questions of awareness on health. The questionnaires was translated into Spanish which is local language in Paraguay. Results: The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1) The most important awareness on maternal healthcare, child healthcare, planned parenthood program was providing child health care. 2) The most important awareness to prevent non-health behavior was sufficient nutrition. The most important awareness to reduce the rate of chronic disease was diabetes. The most important awareness to eradicate communicable disease was HIV/AIDS. 3) The most important awareness to provide healthcare service was vaccination. 4) The most important awareness on healthcare delivery system was policy. The most important awareness on health education was student's health education. 5) The most important awareness to strength healthcare capacity was developing domestic economy. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that awareness levels on health are high against low health behavior status in Paraguay. But awareness on health can lead to health behavior by healthcare system. Therefore, it has to induce the healthcare network and system by injecting public health funds, infrastructure, human resources on prevention of disease and healthcare management.