• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 2000

Eleven new compounds that are composed of bis(p-substituted phenyl) terephthalate unitand the decyloxy pendant as lateral were synthesized and their thermal and liquid crystalline properties were studied by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and on a hot-stage of a polarizing microscope. The ter-minal substituent groups of the compound were varied; X= -H(II-H), -F(lI-F), -CII(II-CI), -Br(ll-Br), -I(II-I), -$NO_2(lI-NO_2$), $-CF_3(II-CF_3$), -$OC_2H_5(II-OC_2H_5$), -$OC_4H_9(II-OC_4H_9$), -$C_6H_5(Il-C_6H_5$). The compounds of $II-OC_2H_5,\;II-OC_4H_9$ and $II-C_6H_5$ were monotropically nematic. In contrast, the compounds of Il-H, II-F, II-Cl, II-Br, II-I, $lI-NO_2$, $II-CF_3$, and II-CN did not show liquid crystalline properties.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.1010-1016
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• 2007

Sagunjatang (Sagunja), containing Radix Astragali, Radix Ginseng, Fructus Schizandrae, Radix Ophiopogonis and Radix Glycyrrhizae, has been used as a prescription for ischemic heart and brain diseases in Korean traditional medicine. This study was designed to investigate the protective mechanisms of Sagunja on $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity of H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Treatment with $H_2O_2$ resulted in death of H9c2 cells, characterized by apparent apoptotic features, including the fragmentation of nucleus and increase in sub-GO/G1fraction of cell cycle. However, Sagunja markedly suppressed the apoptotic characteristics of H9c2 cells induced by $H_2O_2$ with decrease of intracellular peroxide level. In addition, Sagunja suppressed the features of mitochondrial dysfunction, including change of mitochondrial membrane potential, in $H_2O_2$- treated cells. Additionally, Sagunja induced the expression of HO-1 protein in both time-and dose-dependent manner. The role of HO-1 in ROS-scavenging activity of Sagunja is proposed.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2016

The crystal structure of the potential active Methyl 8-bromo-3-phenyl-5a,9a-dihydro-3H-chromen [4,3-c][1,2] isoxazole-3a(4H)-carboxylate ($C_{18}H_{15}BrNO_4$) has been determined from single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The title compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group Pī with unit cell dimension a=8.3129 (3) ${\AA}$, b=9.5847 (4) ${\AA}$ and c=11.1463(4) ${\AA}$ [${\alpha}=98.457(3)^{\circ}$, ${\beta}=102.806(2)^{\circ}$ and ${\gamma}=105.033(5)^{\circ}$]. Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained by slow evaporation method, the isoxazole and six membered pyran rings adopts envelope conformation. In the crystal, molecules are linked via pairs of inter molecular $C-H{\ldots}O$ hydrogen bonds to form dimmers.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.536-539
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• 1992

Eight-membered ring spiro orthocarbonate (C$_{25}H_{20}O_4$, M$_r$ = 384) is monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 15.319(4), b = 9.057(3), c = 13.168(3)${\AA}$, ${\beta}$ = 98.53(3)$^{\circ}$, Z = 4, F(000) = 808, T = 290 K, ${\mu}$(Mo-K${\alpha}$) = 0.55 cm$_1$, D$_c$ = 1.36 g/cm$^3$ and D$_m$ = 1.40 g/cm$^3$. The intensity data were collected with Mo-K${\alpha}$ radiation (${\lambda}$ = 0.7107 ${\AA}$) on an automatic four-circle diffractometer with a graphite monochromater. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full matrix least-squares methods. The final R value was 0.052 for 1412 observed reflections. The molecule has C$_2$point symmetry. The eight-membered ring has a chair conformation with pseudo-C$_s$ symmetry. The naphthyl ring is planar with the C-C bond lengths being in the range of 1.352∼1.444${\AA}$ and bond angles of 117.2∼123.5$^{\circ}$. The bond lengths of C(1)-C(9), C(8)-C(9) and C(9)-C(10) are somewhat longer than those of the other C-C bonds.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.409-419
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• 2005

The water extract of Boyanghwanoh-tang has been used for treatment of ischemic vascular disease in oriental medicine. However, little is known about the mechanism by which the water extract of Boyanghwanoh-tang rescues cells from these damages. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Boyanghwanoh-tang on zinc-mediated cytotoxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. This study demonstrates that, after treatment of H9c2 cells with zinc, there was a decrease in cell viability in a dose dependent manner, and there was a chromatin condensation. Zinc induced the change of cell morphology. In addition, zinc induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Zinc-induced H9c2 cell death was remarkably prevented by the pretreatment of Boyanghwanoh-tang consistently with increase of the peroxoredoxin 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 expression. Taken together, the results suggest that zinc induced severe cell death in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells, and that protective effects of Boyanghwanoh-tang against oxidative injuries are achieved through regulation of peroxiredoin expression.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2010

A study was carried out to examine the effect of water temperature on daily pattern and rate of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion in juvenile Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (mean body weight: $36.5{\pm}0.8\;g$) under fasting and feeding conditions. Fish were acclimated over 10 days under three different water temperatures (9, 11 and $13^{\circ}C$), and transferred to TAN measuring system under each water-temperature condition. After 72 hours of starving, fasting TAN excretion was measured at each temperature. To investigate post-prandial TAN excretion, fish were hand-fed with a commercial diet containing 40.6% crude protein for 7 days, two times daily at 08:00 and 16:00 h. Water was sampled from both the inlet and outlet of the fish chamber every 2 h over a 24-h period. Both fasting and post-prandial TAN excretion increased with increased water temperatures (p<0.05). Mean fasting TAN excretion rates at 9, 11 and $13^{\circ}C$ were 9.3, 11.0 and $11.9\;mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$, respectively. The value of $9^{\circ}C$ was lower than those of 11 and $13^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between $11^{\circ}C$ and $13^{\circ}C$. Mean post-prandial TAN excretion rates at 9, 11 and $13^{\circ}C$ were 23.0, 31.6 and $45.4\;mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$, respectively. A peak value of post-prandial TAN excretion rate occurred after 2 h from each feeding, and the second value is always higher than the first value. Maximum post-prandial TAN excretion rate occurred after 10 h from the first feeding at $9^{\circ}C$ (mean $38.0\;mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$), $11^{\circ}C$ ($52.9\;mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$) and $13^{\circ}C$ ($77.5\;mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$), respectively. The TAN loss for ingested nitrogen at $9^{\circ}C$ (43.9%) was lower than those of $11^{\circ}C$ (46.4%) and $13^{\circ}C$ (48.4%). The overall results indicate that water temperature exhibits a significant effect on the nitrogen excretion of juvenile Pacific cod.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.31
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• pp.2.1-2.4
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• 2016

Objectives In this study, we investigated the biodegradation features of 4 perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) alternatives developed at Changwon National University compared to those of PFOS. Methods Biodegradation testing was performed with microorganisms cultured in the good laboratory practice laboratory of the Korea Environment Corporation for 28 days following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines for the testing of chemicals (Test No. 301 C). Results While $C_8F_{17}SO_3Na$, PFOS sodium salt was not degraded after 28 days, the 4 alternatives were biodegraded at the rates of 20.9% for $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$, 8.4% for $C_{17}F_9H_{25}S_2O_8Na_2$, 22.6% for $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$, and 23.6% for $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}O_{13}S_3Na_3$. Conclusions $C_{25}F_{17}H_{32}S_3O_{13}Na_3$, $C_{23}F_{18}H_{28}S_2O_8Na_2$, and $C_{15}F_9H_{21}S_2O_8Na_2$ were superior to PFOS in terms of biodegradation rates and surface tension, and thus they were considered highly applicable as PFOS alternatives. Environmental toxicity, human toxicity, and economic feasibility of these compounds should be investigated prior to their commercialization.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2022

Ischemia-reperfusion results in excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that affect myocardial cell damage. ROS production inhibition is effectively proposed in treating cardiovascular diseases including myocardial hypertrophy. Studies have shown that oxidizing cultured cells in in vitro experiments gradually decreases the permeability of mitochondrial membranes time- and concentration-dependent, resulting in increased mitochondrial membrane damage due to secondary ROS production and cardiolipin loss. However, recent studies have shown that 5-iodo-6-amino-1,2-benzopyrone (INH₂BP), an anticancer and antiviral drug, inhibited peroxynitrite-induced cell damage in in vitro and alleviated partial or overall inflammation in animal experiments. Therefore, in this paper, we studied the preventive effect of INH₂BP on H9c2 cells derived from mouse heart damaged by oxidative stress using 700 μM of hydrogen peroxide. As a result of oxidative stress to H9c2 cells by hydrogen peroxide whether the treatment of INH₂BP or not, hydrogen peroxide caused serious damage in H9c2 cells. These results were confirmed with cell viability and Hoechst 33342 assays. And this damage was through cell death. However, it was confirmed that H9c2 cells pretreated with INH₂BP significantly reduced cell death by hydrogen peroxide. In addition, measurements with DCF-DA assay to determine whether ROS is produced in H9c2 cells treated with only hydrogen peroxide produced ROS significantly, but H9c2 cells pretreated with INH₂BP significantly reduced ROS production by hydrogen peroxide. Taken together, it is believed that INH₂BP can be useful for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases induced through oxidative stress such as heart damage caused by ischemia/reperfusion.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2019

To study the effect of nicorandil pretreatment on ketone body metabolism and Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT1) activity in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cardiomyocytes. In our study, we applied H9c2 cardiomyocytes cell line to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of nicorandil. We detected mitochondrial viability, cellular apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and calcium overloading in H9c2 cells that exposed to H/R-induced cytotoxicity. Then we evaluated whether nicorandil possibly regulated ketone body, mainly ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate (ACAC), metabolism by regulating ACAT1 and Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 1 (OXCT1) protein and gene expressions. Nicorandil protected H9c2 cardiomyocytes against H/R-induced cytotoxicity dose-dependently by mitochondria-mediated anti-apoptosis pathway. Nicorandil significantly decreased cellular apoptotic rate and enhanced the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax expressions. Further, nicorandil decreased the production of ROS and alleviated calcium overloading in H/R-induced H9c2 cells. In crucial, nicorandil upregulated ACAT1 and OXCT1 protein expressions and either of their gene expressions, contributing to increased production of cellular BHB and ACAC. Nicorandil alleviated cardiomyocytes H/R-induced cytotoxicity through upregulating ACAT1/OXCT1 activity and ketone body metabolism, which might be a potential mechanism for emerging study of nicorandil and other $K_{ATP}$ channel openers.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1257-1262
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• 2002

$[(C_2B_9H_{11})Mo(CO)_3]_2PPN_2$ $(2{\cdot}PPN_2)$, a new precursor for the oxidative decarbonylation reaction, was synthesized in high yield by the one-electron oxidation reaction of $[(C_2B_9H_{11})Mo(CO)_3]PPN_2$. $2{\cdot}PPN_2$ was structurally characterized, showing a dimeric nature with long (3.321 ${\AA}$) Mo-Mo bonding. Reaction of $2{\cdot}PPN_2$ with sulfur gave the completely decarbonylated product $[(C_2B_9H_{11})Mo({\mu}-S)(S)]_2PPN_2$ ($3{\cdot}PPN_2$). The ligand substitution of the terminal sulfur ligands in $3{\cdot}PPN_2$ to oxygen ligands was carried out with the use of PhIO to give $[(C_2B_9H_{11})Mo({\mu}-S)(O)]_2PPN_2$ ($4{\cdot}PPN_2$). The structures of $3{\cdot}PPN_2$ and $4{\cdot}PPN_2$ were also studied.