• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.223-233
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• 1997

The paper is a comparative study of the 9th -century Chinese, Korean and Japanese ships. It discusses the professional level of ship-bulding, the functions of ships, the routes of the ships, and the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Korea. In addition, it also introduces the history of the Xinluos living in China focuses on the distinction between Xinluo Guan, Xinluo Suo and Xinluo Fang, which is often confused in the Chinese, Korean and Japanese academic world.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.378-388
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• 2014

This research is to figure out the influence of hand holding and Nea-Guan acupressure to anxiety and pain that local anesthesia patients feel in out patient operation room. Non equivalent control group pretest-posttest time series design was adopted and the data had been collected from Jul. to Oct. 2013. Total 78 local anesthesia patients of out patient operation room in the H Hospital were allotted by control group, experimental group 1( hand holding) and experimental group 2(Nea-Guan acupressure) which consisted of 26 patients each. Hand holding and Nea-Guan acupressure in this research was validated to relieve the anxiety and the pain of the local anesthesia patients in operation and can be adopted as an efficacious nursing interventions.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.423-432
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to examine effects of Nei-Guan acupressure on nausea, vomiting and level of satisfaction for gynecological surgery patients who were using a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Methods: For this study, 51 patients were assigned to one of three groups, a control group (17 patients), experimental group 1 (finger acupressure group) (17 patients), and experimental group 2 (relief band group) (17 patients). The data were collected for 24 hr in the recovery room of a university hospital located in Seoul. The 6 hr-intervals including the time of leaving the recovery room were taken into consideration. Results: The occurrence of nausea between the experimental group with Nei-Guan acupressure treatment and the control group was different. However, there was no difference in nausea and vomiting control or level of patient satisfaction between the finger acupressure group and the relief band group. Conclusion: Nei-Guan acupressure is recommended for nursing practice as a way for alleviating the opioid-induced nausea and accelerating the recovery of patients who are using PCA after surgery.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.614-628
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• 1998

The effects of electroacupuncture(EA) on blood concentration of endocrine substances were investigated in 6 horses. Three acupuncture points ; Guan Yuan Shu(BL-26), Wei Shu(BL-21) and Da Chang Shu(BL-25) were stimulated for 20 minutes by EA at separate occasions under varying condition ; 2V-1Hz, 2V-5Hz, 2V-30Hz, 4V-1Hz, 4V-5Hz and 4V-30Hz. Plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH), ${\beta}$-endorphin, epinephrine, norepinephrine and serum levels of gastrin were analysed. Blood samplings were carried out before, 0, 20 and 40 minutes after the EA stimulation. The serum gastrin levels were increased by 2V-5Hz stimulation on the Wei Shu. Plasma ACTH levels were decreased by 2V-1Hz stimulation on the Wei Shu, but largely increased by 4V-30Hz stimulation on the Guan Yuan Shu. Plasma ${\beta}$-endorphin levels were slightly increased or decreased by 2V-1Hz stimulation, but largely increased by 4V-30Hz stimulation on the Guan Yuan Shu. Plasma levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine were not so much changed by 2V-1Hz or 5Hz stimulation, but tended to increase by 4V-30Hz stimulation on Guan Yuan Shu. These results suggest that the low voltage-low frequence EA stimulation increased blood concentration of gastrin, but decreased ACTH, ${\beta}$-endorphin, epinephrine and norepinephrine, whereas high voltage-high frequence EA stimulation induced opposite results. Accordingly, there appears to be a close relationship between the changes of gastrointestinal motility and the changes of blood concentration of endocrine substances by EA stimulation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.7-18
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find parameters to compare the effects of Sa-Am acupuncture with large intestine tonifying and sedating on radial pulse in healthy subjects. Methods : Sixty healthy subjects participated in this study, divided into large intestine tonifying acupuncture group, large intestine sedating acupuncture group and control group. Radial pulse was measured by 3 dimensional pulse imaging system(DMP-3000) before, right after, 30 minutes after and 60 minutes after acupuncture at Cun, Guan, and Chi in the acupuncture group and in the control group at the same time points. Results : 1. Angle of main peak and magnitude of fourier component significantly changed by integrated analysis of Cun, Guan and Chi. 2. Amplitude of H1, Pulse Power volume / min, elasticity, AIx / HR, Frequency and magnitude of fourier component significantly changed by analysis of Cun, Guan, and Chi. Conclusions : The effect of Sa-Am acupuncture with large intestine tonifying and sedating in healthy human may be observed on time, amplitude, pulse area, augmentation index and fourier components parameters. The parameters analysed in this study may be used to differentiate the effects between Sa-Am acupuncture with large intestine tonifying and sedating on radial pulse. Further studies on the effects of Sa-Am acupuncture using radial pulse are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.12C
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• pp.1686-1691
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• 2004

In this paper, we present an improved method to calculate Euclidean distance transform based on Guan's method. Compared to the conventional method, Euclidean distance can be computed faster using Guan's method when the number of feature pixels is small; however, overall computational cost increases proportional to the number of feature pixels in an image. To overcome this problem, we divide feature pixels into two groups: boundary feature pixels (BFPs) and non-boundary feature pixels (NFPs). Here BFPs are defined as those in the 4-neighborhood of foreground pixels. Then, only BFPs are used to calculate the Voronoi diagram resulting in a Euclidean distance map. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method takes 40 Percent less computing time on average than Guan's method. To prove the performance of the proposed method, the computing time of Euclidean distance map by proposed method is compared with the computing time of Guan's method in 16 images that are binary and the size of 512${\times}$512.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.23
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• pp.215-242
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• 2011

Yingchuang yicao(${\ll}$螢窗異草${\gg}$) is a collection of short stories in Classical Chinese, whose style was much affected by Liaozhai zhiyi(${\ll}$聊齋志異${\gg}$). It consists of 3 chapters, 12 juan, and 138 stories. This work was written by a scholar with the pen name of Hao gezi(浩歌子) in the reign period of Qianlong in the Qing dynasty, and has drawn relatively little attention among the scholars thus far; it was not until 1980's that scholars figured out that the author Hao gezi was Yin Qinglan, the sixth son of the renowned Qing scholar Yin Jishan. Yingchaung yicao had circulated as a manuscript for more than one hundred years until it was printed by Shenbao guan(申報館) in Shanghai in the reign period of Guangxu 2-3 (1876-1877). This edition is currently collected at The Kyujanggan(奎章閣) Institute of National Seoul University. At present, no known study of its introduction to and circulation in premodern Korea is available. However, given that the late $Chos{\ddot{o}}n$ period saw high interest in Chinese narratives, it is speculated that this work was imported to Korea soon after its first publication in China. Later, two publishing houses in Shanghai also published illustrated editions of the work. Given that the Shenbao guan version is the first printed edition of Yingchuang yicao, the copy collected at Kyujanggak Institute should be regarded highly for its academic values.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Nei-Guan acupressure on nausea, vomiting, and anorexia in gynecological cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods: Subjects consisted of 40 patients with cancer who were hospitalized and had chemotherapy at a general hospital located in Gyeonggi province, Korea. Control subjects (n=20) received only chemotherapy and intervention subjects (n=20) received Nei-Guan acupressure during their chemotherapy. The data were collected from February to October in 2008. Nausea and vomiting were measured with the Rhode's Index of Nausea, Vomiting, and Retching, and anorexia was measured using a Visual Analog Scale. Data were analyzed by X$^2$-test, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Severity of nausea and vomiting in the intervention group was significantly less than in the control group. Repeated measure ANOVA revealed significant group effect (F=28.09, p=.000), time effect (F=321.48, p=.000), and interaction effect (F=7.90, p=.000). Severity of anorexia in the intervention group was significantly less than in the control group. Repeated measure ANOVA revealed significant group effect (F=28.68, p=.000), time effect (F=52.32, p=.000), and interaction effect (F=6.35, p=.000). Conclusions: Acupressure can be applied as a supportive nursing intervention to relieve nausea, vomiting, and anorexia in patients receiving chemotherapy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.593-601
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Nei-Guan(P6) acupressure on nausea and vomiting in pregnant women having hyperemesis gravidarum. Method: The research design was a randomized control-group pretest-posttest repeated measure design with counter balancing. For the experimental treatment, P6 acupressure was carried out for ten minutes. Data was collected from April 1. 2003 to April 30. 2004. The participants were 66 patients admitted with hyperemesis gravidarum. They were divided into three groups, a P6 acupressure group, placebo point group and a control group. Result: Hyperemesis gravidarum patients who received P6 acupressure during admission experienced much less nausea and vomiting than the placebo acupressure and control group(F=8.259, p=.001). Conclusion: Nei-Guan(P6) acupressure is considered an effective intervention for reducing nausea and vomiting in pregnant women having hyperemesis gravidarum. Further more Nei-Guan(P6) acupressure maybe used as an independent nursing intervention method for pregnant women with severe nausea and vomiting.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.137-153
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• 2022

Objectives : This paper aims to examine the meaning of guanjie(關節) in the Huangdineijing. Methods : Meanings of guan(關) and jie(節) were examined within the Neijing, after which the meaning of guanjie was studied in reference to usages of guan and jie. Other terms used similarly to guanjie were also studied. Results & Conclusions : 1. The meaning of guanjie in the Huandineijing could be inferred to meanings such as 'vital point and node', 'node of entrance gate', 'entrance gate and node', 'bolt and node', 'node of bolt', etc. 2. Most usages of guanjie in the Huangdineijing referred to 'pivotal node', while those mentioned in relation to edema or joint pain from wind and dampness meant 'node of entrance gate.' 3. The four entrances, eight nodes, extremity node, eight hollows, eight nodes of the limbs, twelve nodes, which are used similarly to guanjie, manage the five zang, communicate intimately via qi, while shen qi or zhen qi enter and exit. 4. Guanjie is closely linked to the five zang, while it is the entrance gate or pivotal node through which shen qi roams and travels. Therefore when interpreting a verse that includes 'guanjie', one must be aware of the perspectives of the Huangdineijing on qi, keeping in mind the close relationship with the five zang, and that zhen qi enters and exits.